旅游生意:中间商难以出局
<p><span word="AIRLINES">AIRLINES</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="wonderful">wonderful</span> <span word="generators">generators</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="profit">profit</span>-<span word="for">for</span> <span word="everyone">everyone</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span>. <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="times">times</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="margins">margins</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="thin">thin</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="boarding">boarding</span> <span word="pass">pass</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="lost">lost</span> <span word="money">money</span> (<span word="see">see</span> <span word="chart">chart</span>). <span word="Averaged">Averaged</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="decades">decades</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="net">net</span> <span word="profit">profit</span> <span word="margin">margin</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="airlines">airlines</span>, <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="together">together</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="measly">measly</span> 0.1%. <span word="By">By</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span>, <span word="other">other</span> <span word="bits">bits</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="travel">travel</span> <span word="business">business</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="depend">depend</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="airlines">airlines</span>-<span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="aircraft">aircraft</span>-<span word="makers">makers</span>, <span word="travel">travel</span> <span word="agents">agents</span>, <span word="airports">airports</span>, <span word="caterers">caterers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="maintenance">maintenance</span> <span word="firms">firms</span>-<span word="have">have</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="nicely">nicely</span>.</p><p>航空公司的生意带来大量的利润，但自己却所赚无几。即使在经济繁荣的时期，他们的利润空间也少得可怜。近几年来，航空公司常常亏本（见图表）。过去的四十年中，把全球航空公司算在一起，平均的总净利润率只有极其微薄的0.1％。相比之下，其他依赖航空公司生存的旅游业务却表现突出，如飞机制造商，旅行社，机场，餐饮业和负责维修的公司等。</p><p><span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tastiest">tastiest</span> <span word="margins">margins</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="travel">travel</span> <span word="business">business</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="enjoyed">enjoyed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> "<span word="global">global</span> <span word="distribution">distribution</span> <span word="systems">systems</span>" (<span word="GDSs">GDSs</span>), <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fancy">fancy</span> <span word="name">name</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="computerised">computerised</span>-<span word="reservations">reservations</span> <span word="services">services</span>. <span word="These">These</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="originally">originally</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="largest">largest</span> <span word="airlines">airlines</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="distribute">distribute</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="flights">flights</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="travel">travel</span> <span word="agencies">agencies</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="independent">independent</span> <span word="firms">firms</span>. <span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="flights">flights</span> <span word="booked">booked</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="online">online</span> <span word="travel">travel</span> <span word="agent">agent</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="GDS">GDS</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="charges">charges</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="airline">airline</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fee">fee</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="about">about</span> $12 <span word="per">per</span> <span word="round">round</span> <span word="trip">trip</span>, <span word="passing">passing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="dollars">dollars</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="travel">travel</span> <span word="agent">agent</span>. <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Take">Take</span> <span word="Travel">Travel</span> <span word="Forward">Forward</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="airlines">airlines</span>' <span word="lobby">lobby</span> <span word="group">group</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="carriers">carriers</span> <span word="pay">pay</span> $7 <span word="billion">billion</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="GDS">GDS</span> <span word="fees">fees</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="year">year</span>-<span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="double">double</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="expected">expected</span> <span word="net">net</span> <span word="profits">profits</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="of">of</span> $3 <span word="billion">billion</span>.</p>
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