追求幸福不是政府的工作
<p><span word="The">The</span> <span word="pursuit">pursuit</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="happiness">happiness</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="venerable">venerable</span> <span word="tradition">tradition</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="British">British</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="economy">economy</span>. <span word="Jeremy">Jeremy</span> <span word="Bentham">Bentham</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="late">late</span> 18<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="founder">founder</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="utilitarianism">utilitarianism</span>, <span word="defined">defined</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="thus">thus</span>: "<span word="By">By</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="utility">utility</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="meant">meant</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="approves">approves</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="disapproves">disapproves</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="action">action</span> <span word="whatsoever">whatsoever</span>, <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tendency">tendency</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="appears">appears</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="augment">augment</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="diminish">diminish</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="party">party</span> <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="question">question</span> . . . <span word="if">if</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="party">party</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="community">community</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="general">general</span>, <span word="then">then</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="happiness">happiness</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="community">community</span>; <span word="if">if</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="particular">particular</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="happiness">happiness</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> . . . <span word="The">The</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="community">community</span> <span word="then">then</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="what">what</span>? – <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sum">sum</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="members">members</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="compose">compose</span> <span word="it">it</span>."</p><p>追求幸福是英国政治经济学中一个传统。18世纪功利主义创始人杰里米•边沁(<span word="Jeremy">Jeremy</span> <span word="Bentham">Bentham</span>)是对功利主义（<span word="utilitarianism">utilitarianism</span>，又称效用主义）这么下定义的："所谓效用的原则，是指按照会促进或妨碍利益相关者的幸福——如果是一个群体，就是指这个群体的幸福；如果是某个具体的人，就是指这个人的幸福——的倾向，来赞成或反对任何一项行动……那么，群体的利益是什么？就是构成群体的各个成员的利益的总和。"</p><p><span word="This">This</span> <span word="principle">principle</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="obvious">obvious</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="sound">sound</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="Bentham">Bentham</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="challenged">challenged</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="rival">rival</span> <span word="principles">principles</span>; <span word="for">for</span> <span word="instance">instance</span>, <span word="judging">judging</span> <span word="actions">actions</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="contribution">contribution</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="French">French</span> <span word="glory">glory</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="furthering">furthering</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Prussian">Prussian</span> <span word="state">state</span>. <span word="Nearer">Nearer</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="challenged">challenged</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Aristotelian">Aristotelian</span> <span word="eudemonia">eudemonia</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="valued">valued</span> <span word="happiness">happiness</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="contributed">contributed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="philosophical">philosophical</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="life">life</span>.</p>
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