双语：研究发现迷信是进化的产物
<p><span word="How">How</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="avoid">avoid</span> <span word="bad">bad</span> <span word="luck">luck</span>? <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="avoid">avoid</span> <span word="walking">walking</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="ladders">ladders</span>, <span word="carry">carry</span> <span word="lucky">lucky</span> <span word="charms">charms</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="perhaps">perhaps</span> <span word="instead">instead</span> <span word="perform">perform</span> <span word="special">special</span> <span word="rituals">rituals</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="meetings">meetings</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="sporting">sporting</span> <span word="events">events</span>?</p><p><span word="If">If</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="things">things</span>, <span word="hold">hold</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="head">head</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="proud">proud</span>, <span word="because">because</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="finding">finding</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="superstitions">superstitions</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="pointless">pointless</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="all">all</span>. <span word="By">By</span> <span word="adopting">adopting</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="belief">belief</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> - <span word="or">or</span> <span word="cannot">cannot</span> - <span word="do">do</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="affect">affect</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="desired">desired</span> <span word="outcome">outcome</span>, <span word="you">you</span>'<span word="re">re</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cadre">cadre</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="beings">beings</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="learn">learn</span>。</p><p><span word="Superstition">Superstition</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="evolutionary">evolutionary</span> <span word="surprise">surprise</span> - <span word="it">it</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="organisms">organisms</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="specific">specific</span> <span word="action">action</span> <span word="influences">influences</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="can">can</span>'<span word="t">t</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="superstitious">superstitious</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="recognized">recognized</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="animals">animals</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="humans">humans</span>. <span word="Superstitions">Superstitions</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="free">free</span> - <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="rituals">rituals</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="avoidances">avoidances</span> <span word="cost">cost</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="becomes">becomes</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="natural">natural</span> <span word="selection">selection</span> <span word="create">create</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="simply">simply</span> <span word="allow">allow</span> <span word="for">for</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="inappropriate">inappropriate</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span>?</p><p>"<span word="From">From</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="evolutionary">evolutionary</span> <span word="perspective">perspective</span>, <span word="superstitions">superstitions</span> <span word="seem">seem</span> <span word="maladaptive">maladaptive</span>," <span word="said">said</span> <span word="Kevin">Kevin</span> <span word="Abbott">Abbott</span>, <span word="biologist">biologist</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Carleton">Carleton</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Ottawa">Ottawa</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="co">co</span>-<span word="author">author</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="published">published</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Animal">Animal</span> <span word="Behavior">Behavior</span>。</p><p><span word="The">The</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="multiple">multiple</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="anomalies">anomalies</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="exist">exist</span>: <span word="perhaps">perhaps</span> <span word="superstition">superstition</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="adaptive">adaptive</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="placebo">placebo</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="bonding">bonding</span>. <span word="Or">Or</span> <span word="maybe">maybe</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="maladaptive">maladaptive</span> <span word="now">now</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="is">is</span> "<span word="the">the</span> <span word="outcome">outcome</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="traits">traits</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="adaptive">adaptive</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="ancestral">ancestral</span> <span word="environment">environment</span>," <span word="said">said</span> <span word="Abbott">Abbott</span>。</p><p>为了避免厄运你能迷信到何种程度？不在梯子下面行走？佩戴幸运咒语？还是在重大会议或体育盛事之前搞些特殊仪式？</p>
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