55岁是当领导的黄金年龄
<p><span word="Aging">Aging</span> <span word="isn">isn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="downhill">downhill</span> <span word="journey">journey</span>. <span word="While">While</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="mental">mental</span> <span word="faculties">faculties</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="decline">decline</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="other">other</span> <span word="cognitive">cognitive</span> <span word="abilities">abilities</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="stay">stay</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="improve">improve</span>, <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="overall">overall</span> <span word="balance">balance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="losses">losses</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="gains">gains</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="people">people</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ideal">ideal</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="tackle">tackle</span> <span word="leadership">leadership</span> <span word="roles">roles</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="mid">mid</span>-50<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Darlene">Darlene</span> <span word="Howard">Howard</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="psychologist">psychologist</span> <span word="emerita">emerita</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Georgetown">Georgetown</span> <span word="University">University</span>.</p><p>变老不意味着什么都在走下坡路。科学家发现，尽管我们的一部分大脑功能随着年龄增长而衰退，其他认知能力则会保持不变甚至会变强。乔治城大学的心理学家荣誉退休教授达琳·霍华德指出，综合平衡这些得失的结果显示，多数人的领导能力在55岁左右达到高峰。</p><p><span word="In">In</span> <span word="healthy">healthy</span> <span word="individuals">individuals</span>, <span word="some">some</span> <span word="parts">parts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="shrink">shrink</span> <span word="starting">starting</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="our">our</span> 20<span word="s">s</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="shrinkage">shrinkage</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="loss">loss</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="neurons">neurons</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="size">size</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="connections">connections</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="neurons">neurons</span>, <span word="leads">leads</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="differences">differences</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="cognitive">cognitive</span> <span word="functions">functions</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="cases">cases</span>, <span word="these">these</span> <span word="changes">changes</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="gradual">gradual</span>, <span word="it">it</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="easy">easy</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="adapt">adapt</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="On">On</span> <span word="average">average</span>, <span word="older">older</span> <span word="adults">adults</span> <span word="tend">tend</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="lose">lose</span> <span word="capabilities">capabilities</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="mental">mental</span> <span word="speed">speed</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="affect">affect</span> <span word="reaction">reaction</span> <span word="times">times</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="connect">connect</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="types">types</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="information">information</span>, <span word="compared">compared</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="younger">younger</span> <span word="individuals">individuals</span>. <span word="Learning">Learning</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="material">material</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> (<span word="but">but</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="impossible">impossible</span>), <span word="and">and</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="harder">harder</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="recall">recall</span> <span word="specific">specific</span> <span word="words">words</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="remained">remained</span> <span word="focused">focused</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="specific">specific</span> <span word="task">task</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="presence">presence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="distractions">distractions</span>.</p><p>健康人的大脑会从20多岁开始部分萎缩。这种萎缩不是丧失神经元，而是神经元的大小和联系发生改变，导致认知能力的差异。在大多数情况下，这些改变都是逐渐发生的，随着时间过去人们可以轻松地适应这些改变。平均而言，年长的成年人和年轻人相比，大脑反应速度会变慢，将不同类型信息联系到一起的能力也会减退。学习新知识会变得更困难（但也不是不可能），而且更难以回忆起特定词汇，或在受干扰的情况下集中注意力处理特定任务。</p>
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