【3年高考2年模拟】2016届高三英语一轮复习课件 语法专练十一 代词和介词
<p> 我父亲将在3点后回来。 <span word="My">My</span> <span word="father">father</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="after">after</span> 3 <span word="days">days</span>/3 <span word="days">days</span> <span word="later">later</span>. 我父亲3天后回来的。 3.<span word="for">for</span>,<span word="from">from</span>,<span word="since">since</span> <span word="for">for</span>后接表时间段的名词词组,表示行为或状态持续了多久;<span word="from">from</span>后接表时间 点的名词词组,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及其持续时间的长短; <span word="since">since</span>后接表时间点的名词词组,不仅表示行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调 该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时此刻,因而常与延续性动词的现在 完成时连用。如:</p><p> <span word="Mr">Mr</span>.<span word="Brown">Brown</span> <span word="enjoyed">enjoyed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="lived">lived</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="fifteen">fifteen</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="retirement">retirement</span>. 布朗先生喜欢乡村生活,自从退休后他在那里生活了差不多15年了。 <span word="My">My</span> <span word="younger">younger</span> <span word="sister">sister</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="dance">dance</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="age">age</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="five">five</span>. 我妹妹从5岁开始学习舞蹈。 <span word="Tom">Tom</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="homework">homework</span> <span word="since">since</span> 7 <span word="o">o</span>’<span word="clock">clock</span>. 汤姆从7点开始就一直做他的家庭作业。 三、工具、手段、方式介词 1.<span word="by">by</span>,<span word="in">in</span>,<span word="on">on</span> 三个词都表示旅行的方式。 (1)不涉及交通工具的名词时用<span word="by">by</span>,名词前不带冠词。如:<span word="by">by</span> <span word="sea">sea</span>,<span word="by">by</span> <span word="water">water</span>,<span word="by">by</span> <span word="land">land</span>,<span word="by">by</span> <span word="air">air</span>等。 (2)涉及交通工具的名词时用<span word="by">by</span>,但名词须用单数,其前面不加冠词或任何修 饰语。如:<span word="by">by</span> <span word="bike">bike</span>,<span word="by">by</span> <span word="taxi">taxi</span>,<span word="by">by</span> <span word="plane">plane</span>,<span word="by">by</span> <span word="ship">ship</span>/<span word="boat">boat</span>,<span word="by">by</span> <span word="train">train</span>,<span word="by">by</span> <span word="spaceship">spaceship</span>等。 (3)当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时,用<span word="on">on</span>或<span word="in">in</span>,名词前应有冠词、物 主代词、指示代词等修饰语。如:<span word="travel">travel</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="New">New</span> <span word="York">York</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="plane">plane</span>,<span word="leave">leave</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="train">train</span>,<span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="bike">bike</span>等。 说明:步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用<span word="on">on</span>。如:<span word="on">on</span> <span word="foot">foot</span>,<span word="on">on</span> <span word="horseback">horseback</span>/<span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="horse">horse</span>,<span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="camel">camel</span>。 2.<span word="with">with</span>,<span word="by">by</span>,<span word="in">in</span> 三个词均意为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。 (1)<span word="with">with</span>用于有形的工具或某些身体器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主 代词等修饰。如: <span word="They">They</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="digging">digging</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pick">pick</span>/<span word="spade">spade</span>. 他们正在用一把镐/铲挖。 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="eyes">eyes</span>,<span word="hear">hear</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="ears">ears</span>,<span word="and">and</span> <span word="walk">walk</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="legs">legs</span>. 我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听,并用腿走。 (2)<span word="by">by</span>,<span word="in">in</span>,<span word="on">on</span>,<span word="over">over</span>,<span word="through">through</span>等多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如:<span word="by">by</span> <span word="hand">hand</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="ink">ink</span>,<span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="telephone">telephone</span>,<span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="radio">radio</span>,<span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="telescope">telescope</span>等。 说明:①使用语言、原料、材料时用<span word="in">in</span>表示,如:<span word="in">in</span> <span word="English">English</span>/<span word="Japanese">Japanese</span>;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="blueink">blueink</span> ②表达“用……方法/方式”时,所用介词分别为: <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span>/<span word="that">that</span>/<span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="wayby">wayby</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="this">this</span>/<span word="that">that</span> <span word="meanswith">meanswith</span> <span word="this">this</span>/<span word="that">that</span> <span word="method">method</span> 四、表原因的介词短语<span word="because">because</span> <span word="of">of</span>,<span word="due">due</span> <span word="to">to</span>,<span word="thanks">thanks</span> <span word="to">to</span> 表原因的 介词短语 意义 例句 <span word="because">because</span> <span word="of">of</span> 意为“因为,由于”,通常 作状语,位于句首或句中。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="sports">sports</span> <span word="meet">meet</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="till">till</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="Saturday">Saturday</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heavy">heavy</span> <span word="rain">rain</span>.由于下大雨,这次运动会将推迟到下周六。 <span word="due">due</span> <span word="to">to</span> 意为“由于,因为”,通常 作表语。 <span word="His">His</span> <span word="illness">illness</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="due">due</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="smoking">smoking</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="drinking">drinking</span>.他的病是由于抽烟和喝酒(导致的)。 <span word="thanks">thanks</span> <span word="to">to</span> 意为“幸亏,多亏”,既可 用于褒义,又可用于贬义, 多用于句首。 <span word="Thanks">Thanks</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Party">Party</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="policy">policy</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="farmers">farmers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="living">living</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="happy">happy</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="rich">rich</span> <span word="life">life</span>.多亏有党的好政策,农民们现在过着既幸 福又富有的生活。 易混点总结 常考易混介词 1.<span word="for">for</span>与<span word="of">of</span>后接不定式复合结构的逻辑主语 (1)<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span>+<span word="adj">adj</span>.+<span word="of">of</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.=<span word="Sb">Sb</span>.+<span word="be">be</span>+<span word="adj">adj</span>.+<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>. 当形容词说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征时,用<span word="of">of</span>。 常见的形容词有:<span word="kind">kind</span>,<span word="good">good</span>,<span word="nice">nice</span>,<span word="clever">clever</span>,<span word="stupid">stupid</span>,<span word="foolish">foolish</span>,<span word="considerate">considerate</span>,<span word="polite">polite</span>,<span word="impo">impo</span>- <span word="lite">lite</span>,<span word="cruel">cruel</span>等。如: <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="teachers">teachers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="poor">poor</span> <span word="students">students</span>. =<span word="The">The</span> <span word="teachers">teachers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="poor">poor</span> <span word="students">students</span>. 这些老师们资助贫困的学生,他们真是太好了。 (2)<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span>+<span word="adj">adj</span>.+<span word="for">for</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>. 当形容词说明不定式的性质时,用<span word="for">for</span>。 常见的形容词有:<span word="important">important</span>,<span word="necessary">necessary</span>,<span word="possible">possible</span>,<span word="impossible">impossible</span>等。如: <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="protect">protect</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="environment">environment</span>. 保护环境对我们来说相当重要。 2.<span word="on">on</span>与<span word="in">in</span>表示处于某种状态 <span word="on">on</span>用于表示动态,如正在从事某种活动或处于某种运动状态之中。如:<span word="on">on</span> <span word="business">business</span> 出差;<span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="visit">visit</span>在访问;<span word="on">on</span> <span word="strike">strike</span> 在罢工;<span word="on">on</span> <span word="sale">sale</span> 在出售;<span word="on">on</span> <span word="show">show</span> 在 展出;<span word="on">on</span> <span word="watch">watch</span>在站岗/放哨;<span word="on">on</span> <span word="fire">fire</span> 在着火;<span word="on">on</span> <span word="vacation">vacation</span>/<span word="holiday">holiday</span> 在度假。 <span word="in">in</span> 多用于表示静态状况,如安全、危险、健康、情绪等。如:<span word="in">in</span> <span word="trouble">trouble</span> 陷入 困境;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="danger">danger</span> 处于危险中;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="order">order</span> 有序,有条理;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="surprise">surprise</span> 惊讶地;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="silence">silence</span> 沉默地;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="high">high</span>/<span word="low">low</span> <span word="spirits">spirits</span> 情绪高涨/低落。 3.<span word="besides">besides</span>,<span word="except">except</span>,<span word="but">but</span>,<span word="other">other</span> <span word="than">than</span>,<span word="except">except</span> <span word="for">for</span>的区别 (1)用于否定句时,<span word="besides">besides</span>,<span word="except">except</span>与<span word="but">but</span>可相互替换。如: <span word="No">No</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="maths">maths</span> <span word="exam">exam</span> <span word="except">except</span>/<span word="besides">besides</span>/<span word="but">but</span> <span word="Lin">Lin</span> <span word="Tao">Tao</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Wu">Wu</span> <span word="Dong">Dong</span>. 除林涛、吴东外没有别的学生通过了那么难的数学考试。 (2)用于肯定句时的区别 ①<span word="except">except</span>意为:<span word="not">not</span> <span word="including">including</span>除……之外(不包括)。如: <span word="We">We</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exam">exam</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="Tom">Tom</span>. 除汤姆没及格外,我们都及格了。(汤姆没及格) ②<span word="besides">besides</span>意为:<span word="in">in</span> <span word="addition">addition</span> <span word="to">to</span> 除……之外(还有)。如: <span word="We">We</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exam">exam</span> <span word="besides">besides</span> <span word="Tom">Tom</span>. 除了汤姆外,我们也都及格了。(汤姆也及格了) 说明:<span word="besides">besides</span>在句中的位置较灵活,可放在句首,亦可放在句中;而<span word="except">except</span> 多 放在句中。此外,<span word="except">except</span>前几乎总有<span word="all">all</span>,<span word="any">any</span>,<span word="every">every</span>,<span word="no">no</span>及其复合词等,而<span word="besides">besides</span> 前可用,也可不用,依句意而定。如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="answered">answered</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="questions">questions</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="one">one</span>. 除最后一个问题没有回答外,其余所有问题他都回答了。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="friends">friends</span> <span word="besides">besides</span> <span word="you">you</span>. 除了你之外,我还有几个朋友。 <span word="All">All</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Beijing">Beijing</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="summer">summer</span> <span word="besides">besides</span> <span word="Tom">Tom</span>. 除了汤姆外,他们去年夏天也都去了北京。 ③<span word="except">except</span> <span word="for">for</span>表示“除了(因为)……”之意,表示除去整体中的一部分,它所 叙述的事实或细节部分用来修正句子的主要意思。如: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="composition">composition</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="spelling">spelling</span> <span word="mistakes">mistakes</span>. 这篇作文写得很好,只是有些拼写错误。 <span word="Your">Your</span> <span word="coat">coat</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="color">color</span>. 你的外套很好,就是颜色不太好。 说明:当<span word="except">except</span>用于句首时,后面往往要加上<span word="for">for</span>。如: <span word="Except">Except</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="this">this</span>,<span word="everything">everything</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="order">order</span>. =<span word="Everything">Everything</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="this">this</span>. 除此之外,一切正常。 (3)<span word="except">except</span>和<span word="but">but</span>/<span word="other">other</span> <span word="than">than</span>都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形,可以互 换;但<span word="except">except</span>后接副词、介词短语、<span word="when">when</span>从句等时,<span word="but">but</span>/<span word="other">other</span> <span word="than">than</span>不可替换 <span word="except">except</span>。如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="spirits">spirits</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="recently">recently</span>. 除近来外,他总是精神饱满。(副词) <span word="The">The</span> <span word="window">window</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="opened">opened</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="summer">summer</span>. 除夏季外,这扇窗户从不打开。(介词短语) <span word="He">He</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="busy">busy</span> <span word="except">except</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="Sunday">Sunday</span>. 除星期日外,他总是很忙。(<span word="when">when</span>从句) (4)<span word="but">but</span>,<span word="except">except</span>后都可接<span word="that">that</span>从句作宾语;<span word="but">but</span>,<span word="except">except</span>可以互换。如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="but">but</span>/<span word="except">except</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="write">write</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="week">week</span>. 我对他并无其他要求,只要求他每两周给我写一封信。 (5)以上比较了<span word="except">except</span>,<span word="besides">besides</span>,<span word="but">but</span>作介词时的区别,另外,<span word="besides">besides</span>还可用作副 词,意为“<span word="in">in</span> <span word="addition">addition</span>;<span word="also">also</span>;<span word="moreover">moreover</span>;<span word="furthermore">furthermore</span>(而且,还有)”。如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="don">don</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="go">go</span>;<span word="besides">besides</span>,<span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="tired">tired</span>. 我不想去,再说,我太累了。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="suit">suit</span>;<span word="besides">besides</span>,<span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="others">others</span>. 这是我最好的一套衣服,我另外还有两套。 4.<span word="in">in</span>与<span word="of">of</span>表示比较范围 二词均可引出一个可供比较的范围,适用于形容词和副词的最高级,指三者 或三者以上的人或事物的比较。 <span word="in">in</span>表示限定在某个范围内的最高级。 <span word="of">of</span>表示同一类人或事物中的最高级;用于同类两者之间的比较时,比较级前 须加定冠词<span word="the">the</span>。如: <span word="Mary">Mary</span> <span word="sings">sings</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="school">school</span>. 在这所学校,玛丽唱歌最棒。 <span word="Of">Of</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="boys">boys</span>,<span word="Jack">Jack</span> <span word="runs">runs</span> <span word="fastest">fastest</span>. 在所有的男孩里,杰克跑得最快。 <span word="Tom">Tom</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="diligent">diligent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="brothers">brothers</span>. 在这对兄弟中,汤姆好像更勤奋。 5.<span word="for">for</span>与<span word="to">to</span>接后置的间接宾语 (1)<span word="buy">buy</span>/<span word="cook">cook</span>/<span word="fetch">fetch</span>/<span word="find">find</span>/<span word="get">get</span>/<span word="make">make</span>/<span word="order">order</span>/<span word="save">save</span>/<span word="sing">sing</span>...+<span word="sth">sth</span>.+<span word="for">for</span>+<span word="sb">sb</span>. (2)<span word="bring">bring</span>/<span word="give">give</span>/<span word="leave">leave</span>/<span word="lend">lend</span>/<span word="offer">offer</span>/<span word="pay">pay</span>/<span word="pass">pass</span>/<span word="promise">promise</span>/<span word="read">read</span>/<span word="refuse">refuse</span>/<span word="return">return</span>/<span word="send">send</span>/<span word="show">show</span>/ <span word="teach">teach</span>/<span word="tell">tell</span>/<span word="throw">throw</span>/<span word="write">write</span>...+<span word="sth">sth</span>.+<span word="to">to</span>+<span word="sb">sb</span>. 6.形容词后的<span word="for">for</span>与<span word="to">to</span> 英语中经常遇见一些形容词与介词<span word="for">for</span>或<span word="to">to</span>搭配。这种搭配非常灵活,现将 几种常见的搭配情况简述如下: (1)当形容词被副词<span word="too">too</span>或<span word="enough">enough</span>修饰时,其后只能用<span word="for">for</span>。如:</p>
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