2016届高考英语二轮题型专题方略课件：专题4 语法填空和短文改错 第3讲 语法专题 10 特殊句式（通用版）
<p> (3)当陈述部分为否定式，反意疑问部分为肯定式时，其回答往往与汉语不一致，要特别注意！ ♦—<span word="Tom">Tom</span> <span word="doesn">doesn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="it">it</span>，<span word="does">does</span> <span word="he">he</span>? 汤姆不知道这事，对吧？ —<span word="No">No</span>，<span word="he">he</span> <span word="doesn">doesn</span>’<span word="t">t</span>./<span word="Yes">Yes</span>，<span word="he">he</span> <span word="does">does</span>. 对，他不知道。/不，他知道。 易错警示 陈述部分含有<span word="must">must</span>的反意疑问句。（1）<span word="must">must</span>作“必须”讲 时，其反意疑问部分用<span word="needn">needn</span>’<span word="t">t</span>；当含有<span word="mustn">mustn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> 时，其反 意疑问部分用<span word="must">must</span>/<span word="may">may</span>。（2）当<span word="must">must</span> 表示推测，作“一 定”讲时，把推测的句子变成一个表事实的陈述句，然后根据陈述句变反意疑问句。 ♦ <span word="The">The</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="finished">finished</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>，<span word="wasn">wasn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="it">it</span>？ →<span word="The">The</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="finished">finished</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>，<span word="wasn">wasn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="it">it</span>？ [即时训练] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2015·高考北京卷改编)<span word="If">If</span> ____________ (<span word="accept">accept</span>)<span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="job">job</span>，<span word="you">you</span>’<span word="ll">ll</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="informed">informed</span> <span word="soon">soon</span>. 解析：句意：如果录用你了，我们将很快通知你。本句条件状语从句中省略了主语<span word="you">you</span>，与<span word="accept">accept</span>构成被动关系，用过去分词<span word="accepted">accepted</span>。 <span word="accepted">accepted</span> 2．(2017·高考重庆卷改编)—<span word="I">I</span> <span word="spent">spent</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="weeks">weeks</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="London">London</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="summer">summer</span>. —<span word="Then">Then</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="visited">visited</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="British">British</span> <span word="Museum">Museum</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="stay">stay</span>，____________ <span word="you">you</span>? 解析：句意：——去年夏天，我在伦敦度过了两个星期。——那么，在此期间你肯定参观了英国博物馆，是不是？<span word="must">must</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="done">done</span>结构在句中表示对过去事情的推测，当句末有反意疑问的语气时，可分为两种情况： (1)句中没有明确的过去时间状语时，反意疑问句结构为“<span word="haven">haven</span>’<span word="t">t</span>/<span word="hasn">hasn</span>’<span word="t">t</span>...”；(2)句中有明确的过去时间状语时，反意疑问句结构为 “<span word="didn">didn</span>’<span word="t">t</span>...？”。根据题干中的过去时间状语<span word="last">last</span> <span word="summer">summer</span>以及<span word="during">during</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="stay">stay</span>可知，反意疑问句的结构应用第二种情况。 <span word="didn">didn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> Ⅱ.单句改错 (2015·高考湖南卷改编)<span word="Always">Always</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="mind">mind</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="task">task</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="company">company</span> <span word="running">running</span> <span word="smoothly">smoothly</span>. _____________________________________________________ 解析：句意：一直要记住：你的主要任务是使这家公司运转顺利。根据句式结构可知本句为祈使句。祈使句一般以动词原形开头，故用<span word="keep">keep</span>。 去掉第一个<span word="to">to</span> 栏目导引 高频考 点突破 专题针 对训练 课堂达 标训练 专题四 语法填空和短文改错 十、特殊句式 专题四 语法填空和短文改错 [命题分析] 特殊句式为高中阶段学生应该掌握的基础语法，在近两年的新课标全国卷中，虽然在语法填空题和短文改错题中对于特殊句式的考查很少，但强调句型、倒装句、主谓一致、<span word="There">There</span> <span word="be">be</span> 句型、感叹句、祈使句等均为高中教学的重点内容。其中主谓一致是考查的重点，具体掌握并列主语的主谓一致，数词、量词及某些名词作主语时的主谓一致，从句中的主谓一致等。除此之外，倒装句是高考书面表达的得分点；强调句的<span word="it">it</span>和<span word="that">that</span>是考查重点；<span word="there">there</span> <span word="be">be</span>句型主要考查主谓一致；感叹句主要考查<span word="what">what</span>和<span word="how">how</span>的选取。所以在高考备考中，该部分内容仍需要重点掌握，以便有充分的能力应对高考。 专题四 语法填空和短文改错 倒 装 句 完全倒装 (谓语动词完全置于主语之前) 表示地点、时间或方位的副词或介词短语<span word="here">here</span>，<span word="there">there</span>，<span word="now">now</span>，<span word="then">then</span>，<span word="up">up</span>，<span word="down">down</span>，<span word="away">away</span>，<span word="off">off</span>，<span word="in">in</span>，<span word="out">out</span>，<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="room">room</span>，<span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wall">wall</span>等置于句首，且主语为名词时。 部分倒装 [只把谓语的一部分(助动词、<span word="be">be</span>动词或情态动词)置于主语之前] 否定副词(<span word="never">never</span>，<span word="neither">neither</span>，<span word="nor">nor</span>，<span word="hardly">hardly</span>，<span word="little">little</span>，<span word="seldom">seldom</span>，<span word="rarely">rarely</span>等)或表示否定意义的介词短语(<span word="at">at</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="time">time</span>，<span word="by">by</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="means">means</span>，<span word="on">on</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="condition">condition</span>，<span word="in">in</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="case">case</span>等)置于句首时。 <span word="only">only</span>修饰介词短语、副词或状语从句，且置于句首时。 <span word="so">so</span>/<span word="neither">neither</span>＋ 助动词/<span word="be">be</span>动词/情态动词＋主语 意为“……也是如此/也不……”。 在<span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span>...<span word="but">but</span> (<span word="also">also</span>)．..句型中，若<span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span>置于句首时，需将<span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span>所在的句子部分倒装，<span word="but">but</span> (<span word="also">also</span>)引导的句子不倒装。 部分倒装 [只把谓语的一部分(助动词、<span word="be">be</span>动词或情态动词)置于主语之前] <span word="not">not</span> <span word="until">until</span>...置于句首时，<span word="until">until</span>从句不倒装，主句需部分倒装。 <span word="so">so</span>...<span word="that">that</span>...和<span word="such">such</span>...<span word="that">that</span>...句式中，<span word="so">so</span>或<span word="such">such</span>及其所修饰的成分置于句首时，主句用部分倒装，<span word="that">that</span>从句不倒装。 ♦(2015·高考湖南卷)<span word="Only">Only</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="talking">talking</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="discover">discover</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="having">having</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="motivation">motivation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="biggest">biggest</span> <span word="factors">factors</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="reaching">reaching</span> <span word="goals">goals</span>.在和两个学生交谈之后我才意识到拥有强烈的动机是达到目标的最大因素之一。 ♦(2017·高考全国大纲卷)<span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nurses">nurses</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="increase">increase</span>，<span word="they">they</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="reduced">reduced</span> <span word="hours">hours</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span>.护士们不仅要求提高工资，还要求缩短工作时间。 ♦ <span word="No">No</span> <span word="sooner">sooner</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="Mo">Mo</span> <span word="Yan">Yan</span> <span word="stepped">stepped</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="stage">stage</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="audience">audience</span> <span word="broke">broke</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="thunderous">thunderous</span> <span word="applause">applause</span>.莫言一登上舞台，观众就发出了雷鸣般的掌声。 ♦ <span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="hardship">hardship</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="realize">realize</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="love">love</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="families">families</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="important">important</span>.直到他经历了真正的困难，他才意识到我们对家人的爱的重要性。 [即时训练] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2017·高考湖南卷改编)<span word="Only">Only</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="peace">peace</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="heart">heart</span> ____________ <span word="you">you</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="relationships">relationships</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="others">others</span>. 解析：句意：唯有找到内心的宁静，方能维持人际关系的和谐。“<span word="Only">Only</span>＋状语从句”置于句首时，主句应部分倒装；从句时态为一般现在时，主句用一般将来时，故填<span word="will">will</span>。 <span word="will">will</span> 2．<span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="once">once</span> ____________ <span word="it">it</span> <span word="occur">occur</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Michael">Michael</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="top">top</span> <span word="student">student</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="class">class</span>. 解析：句意：<span word="Michael">Michael</span>从来没有想到过有一天自己会成为他班上的尖子生之一。否定词<span word="not">not</span>置于句首，所以此处用部分倒装。根据<span word="could">could</span>可知主句应为一般过去时，故填<span word="did">did</span>。 <span word="did">did</span> Ⅱ.单句改错 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="front">front</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="house">house</span> <span word="lie">lie</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="river">river</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="swim">swim</span>. ____________________________________________________ 解析：句意：我们的房前有一条河，我们过去常常在里面游泳。表示地点的介词短语置于句首时，主句要完全倒装，即把谓语置于主语之前，故本句的主语为<span word="a">a</span> <span word="river">river</span>，故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。 <span word="lie">lie</span>—<span word="lies">lies</span> 强 调 句 强 调 句 强调 谓语 动词 陈述句式：<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span>/<span word="was">was</span>...<span word="that">that</span>/<span word="who">who</span>... 一般疑问句：<span word="Is">Is</span>/<span word="Was">Was</span> ＋<span word="it">it</span>＋...<span word="that">that</span>/<span word="who">who</span>...？ 特殊疑问句：疑问词＋<span word="is">is</span>/<span word="was">was</span>＋ <span word="it">it</span>＋ <span word="that">that</span>/<span word="who">who</span>...？ “<span word="not">not</span>...<span word="until">until</span>...”的强调句：<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span>/<span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="until">until</span>...<span word="that">that</span>...(注意时态) <span word="do">do</span>/<span word="does">does</span>/<span word="did">did</span>＋动词原形(只用于肯定句，并且只有一般现在时和一般过去时) ♦(2017·高考湖南卷)<span word="It">It</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="like">like</span>，<span word="but">but</span> <span word="liking">liking</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="happy">happy</span>.让生活愉快的不是做我们喜欢的事情，而是喜欢那些我们不得不做的事情。 ♦ <span word="Was">Was</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lonely">lonely</span> <span word="island">island</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="saved">saved</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="month">month</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="boat">boat</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="down">down</span>？他是不是在船沉了一个月之后在一个荒岛上被人救出来的？ ♦ <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="near">near</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="letter">letter</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="mentioned">mentioned</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="plan">plan</span>.直到将近信的结尾她才提及了自己的计划。 易错警示 强调句型可以用来强调主语、宾语和状语等，但不能强调谓 语。所强调的成分可以是单词、短语，也可以是从句，但结构必须完整。强调主语且主语为人时可用<span word="who">who</span>或<span word="that">that</span>，强调其他内容时只能用<span word="that">that</span>。 [即时训练] Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．(2015·高考湖南卷改编)<span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="returning">returning</span> <span word="home">home</span> ____________ <span word="I">I</span> <span word="realized">realized</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="feeling">feeling</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="helped">helped</span> <span word="someone">someone</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="trouble">trouble</span>. 解析：句意：是我们快要回家的时候，我才意识到了帮助有困难的人感觉多么美妙！强调句型的基本结构为“<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span>/<span word="was">was</span>＋被强调部分＋<span word="that">that</span>/<span word="who">who</span>＋剩余部分．”。若将<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span>/<span word="was">was</span>与<span word="that">that</span>/<span word="who">who</span>去掉，句子成分仍然完整，那么该句就是强调句。经判断，<span word="When">When</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="returning">returning</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="realized">realized</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="feeling">feeling</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="helped">helped</span> <span word="someone">someone</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="trouble">trouble</span>.句子成分完整，由此可以断定本句是强调句，空格处应填<span word="that">that</span>。 <span word="that">that</span> 2．(2017·高考四川卷改编)<span word="Was">Was</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="Jack">Jack</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="school">school</span> ____________ <span word="Mr">Mr</span>.<span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="angry">angry</span>? 解析：句意：史密斯先生生气是因为杰克上学迟到吗？将<span word="Was">Was</span> <span word="it">it</span>以及设空处去掉，并将句子改为陈述语气，题干则变成<span word="Mr">Mr</span>.<span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="angry">angry</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="Jack">Jack</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="school">school</span>.句子完整，可判断为强调句，故填<span word="that">that</span>。 <span word="that">that</span> Ⅱ.单句改错 (2017·高考福建卷改编)<span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="culture">culture</span>，<span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="language">language</span>，<span word="which">which</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="adapt">adapt</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="environment">environment</span> <span word="abroad">abroad</span>. ___________________________________________________ 解析：句意：是文化而不是语言使他很难适应国外的新环境。根据强调句的结构“<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span>/<span word="was">was</span>＋被强调部分＋<span word="that">that</span>＋其 他”可以判断本句为强调句，该题强调主语<span word="the">the</span> <span word="culture">culture</span>，其 中<span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="language">language</span>为插入语，是迷惑部分，故把<span word="which">which</span>改为<span word="that">that</span>。 <span word="which">which</span>—<span word="that">that</span> 1．由<span word="or">or</span>，<span word="nor">nor</span>，<span word="either">either</span>...<span word="or">or</span>...，<span word="neither">neither</span>...<span word="nor">nor</span>...，<span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span>...<span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span>...，<span word="not">not</span>...<span word="but">but</span>...等连接并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数常和它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。 ♦ <span word="Either">Either</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="attend">attend</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="due">due</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>.要么是你或者你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。 主 谓 一 致 2．如果主语后面带有<span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span>，<span word="with">with</span>，<span word="along">along</span> <span word="with">with</span>，<span word="together">together</span> <span word="with">with</span>，<span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span>，<span word="but">but</span>，<span word="except">except</span>，<span word="besides">besides</span>，<span word="including">including</span>，<span word="in">in</span> <span word="addition">addition</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="in">in</span> <span word="common">common</span> <span word="with">with</span>等加其他名词时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。 ♦ <span word="Mr">Mr</span>.<span word="Smith">Smith</span>，<span word="together">together</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="wife">wife</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="daughters">daughters</span>，<span word="is">is</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="visit">visit</span> <span word="Beijing">Beijing</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="summer">summer</span>.史密斯先生和他的妻子、女儿们今年夏天将要一起参观北京。 3．“分数/百分数/<span word="the">the</span> <span word="rest">rest</span>/ <span word="the">the</span> <span word="majority">majority</span> ＋<span word="of">of</span>＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数一般取决于<span word="of">of</span>后名词的数以及其所表示的意义。 ♦ <span word="Only">Only</span> 60 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>.昨天仅完成了60%的工作。 ♦ <span word="About">About</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="worth">worth</span> <span word="reading">reading</span>.这些书中大约有三分之一值得一读。 4．表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时，通常当做整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式。 ♦ <span word="Twenty">Twenty</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="one">one</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="life">life</span>.二十年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。 ♦ 20，000 <span word="dollars">dollars</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="sum">sum</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="money">money</span>.两万美元不是一笔小数目。 5．非谓语动词、名词性从句作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。 ♦ <span word="To">To</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bed">bed</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="habit">habit</span>.早睡早起是一个好习惯。 ♦ <span word="What">What</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="leaves">leaves</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="about">about</span>.他说的话发人深省。 [即时训练]</p>
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