2016届高考英语二轮语法专项复习课件：专题4 形容词、副词和修饰关系（新人教版）
<p> 一 二 三 四 形容词和副词在句子中的作用不可忽视。它们丰富了句子的表现力,丰满了句子的内涵。如果说句子的主语和谓语构成句子的骨架,那么形容词和副词就是句子的血肉。形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征,在句中作定语、表语、宾语、补语。副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、句子等,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。副词在句中主要作状语。在语法填空和短文改错两个题型中,对该部分的考查主要集中在形容词和副词的基本用法、构词法知识和比较等级等方面。 二 三 四 一 一、句子中的语义相关 对于形容词来说,无论在句子中作定语还是表语,从句意层次来说,其语义和句子中的名词或代词有相关性,用来修饰或说明名词或代词的属性、性状或状态等。副词则与句子中的动词或形容词相关,用来说明动作的时间、地点、程度、方式等情况。在句子中形容词的位置要围绕名词、代词或系动词来安放;副词要围绕动词、形容词等来排列。观察下列句子中的形容词和副词的使用,从语义相关和位置两方面来深刻理解。 <span word="An">An</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="suddenly">suddenly</span> <span word="struck">struck</span> <span word="me">me</span>. 我心中忽然产生了一个念头。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="finished">finished</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="work">work</span>. 我已经做完了工作。 <span word="Look">Look</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="picture">picture</span> <span word="carefully">carefully</span>.仔细看这幅画。 二 三 四 一 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="seldom">seldom</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="school">school</span>.他上学很少迟到。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="suitable">suitable</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="job">job</span>. 我认为他是适合做这项工作的人。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="violinist">violinist</span> <span word="alive">alive</span>.他一定是当代最好的小提琴手了。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="isn">isn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="anything">anything</span> <span word="important">important</span>. 这并不是什么重要的东西。 <span word="Jack">Jack</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="playing">playing</span> <span word="basketball">basketball</span>. 杰克擅长打篮球。 二 三 四 一 二、考查构词法知识 1.名词变为形容词 (1)部分名词后面加-<span word="y">y</span>可以变成形容词(尤其是一些与天气有关的名词) 如:<span word="rain">rain</span>→<span word="rainy">rainy</span>,<span word="cloud">cloud</span>→<span word="cloudy">cloudy</span>,<span word="wind">wind</span>→<span word="windy">windy</span>,<span word="snow">snow</span>→<span word="snowy">snowy</span> 如果名词以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母,这时应双写词尾的辅音字母再加-<span word="y">y</span>。如:<span word="sun">sun</span>→<span word="sunny">sunny</span>,<span word="fun">fun</span>→<span word="funny">funny</span>,<span word="big">big</span>→<span word="bigger">bigger</span> 少数以不发音的<span word="e">e</span>结尾的名词变为形容词时,应去掉<span word="e">e</span>再加-<span word="y">y</span>。如:<span word="noise">noise</span>→<span word="noisy">noisy</span>,<span word="ice">ice</span>→<span word="icy">icy</span> (2)一些抽象名词在词尾加-<span word="ful">ful</span>可以变为形容词 如:<span word="beauty">beauty</span>→<span word="beautiful">beautiful</span>,<span word="sorrow">sorrow</span>→<span word="sorrowful">sorrowful</span> 二 三 四 一 (3)一些表示国家的名词可以变词尾为-<span word="ese">ese</span>,-<span word="ish">ish</span>或直接加-<span word="n">n</span>构成表示国籍、语言的形容词。 如:<span word="China">China</span>→<span word="Chinese">Chinese</span>,<span word="England">England</span>→<span word="English">English</span>,<span word="America">America</span>→<span word="American">American</span>,<span word="India">India</span>→<span word="Indian">Indian</span> (其中注意<span word="Canada">Canada</span>→<span word="Canadian">Canadian</span>)。 (4)在名词后加-<span word="less">less</span>构成含有否定意义的形容词 如:<span word="care">care</span>→<span word="careless">careless</span>,<span word="use">use</span>→<span word="useless">useless</span>,<span word="hope">hope</span>→<span word="hopeless">hopeless</span>,<span word="home">home</span>→<span word="homeless">homeless</span> (5)在名词后加-<span word="ous">ous</span> 如:<span word="fame">fame</span>→<span word="famous">famous</span>,<span word="danger">danger</span>→<span word="dangerous">dangerous</span>,<span word="mystery">mystery</span>→<span word="mysterious">mysterious</span> (6)有些名词后不发音的<span word="e">e</span>变为<span word="al">al</span>,有些直接加后缀-<span word="al">al</span>变为形容词 如:<span word="medicine">medicine</span>→<span word="medical">medical</span>,<span word="music">music</span>→<span word="musical">musical</span>,<span word="nature">nature</span>→<span word="natural">natural</span>,<span word="person">person</span>→<span word="personal">personal</span>,<span word="nation">nation</span>→<span word="national">national</span>,<span word="education">education</span>→<span word="educational">educational</span>,<span word="tradition">tradition</span>→<span word="traditional">traditional</span>,<span word="origin">origin</span>→<span word="original">original</span> 二 三 四 一 (7)名词加后缀-<span word="ly">ly</span> 如:<span word="friend">friend</span>→<span word="friendly">friendly</span>,<span word="live">live</span>→<span word="lively">lively</span>,<span word="love">love</span>→<span word="lovely">lovely</span>,<span word="month">month</span>→<span word="monthly">monthly</span>,<span word="week">week</span>→<span word="weekly">weekly</span>等。 另外,<span word="Europe">Europe</span>→<span word="European">European</span>,<span word="fool">fool</span>→<span word="foolish">foolish</span>,<span word="wool">wool</span>→<span word="woolen">woolen</span>,<span word="wood">wood</span>→<span word="wooden">wooden</span>,<span word="gold">gold</span>→<span word="golden">golden</span>也应该加以注意。 二 三 四 一 2.动词变为形容词 (1)词尾加-<span word="ful">ful</span> 如:<span word="use">use</span>→<span word="useful">useful</span>,<span word="care">care</span>→<span word="careful">careful</span>,<span word="help">help</span>→<span word="helpful">helpful</span>,<span word="thank">thank</span>→<span word="thankful">thankful</span>,<span word="forget">forget</span>→<span word="forgetful">forgetful</span>,<span word="play">play</span>→<span word="playful">playful</span>,<span word="wonder">wonder</span>→<span word="wonderful">wonderful</span> (2)词尾加-<span word="d">d</span>或-<span word="ed">ed</span> 如:<span word="please">please</span>→<span word="pleased">pleased</span>,<span word="unite">unite</span>→<span word="united">united</span>,<span word="excite">excite</span>→<span word="excited">excited</span>,<span word="surprise">surprise</span>→<span word="surprised">surprised</span>,<span word="organize">organize</span>→<span word="organized">organized</span>,<span word="close">close</span>→<span word="closed">closed</span>,<span word="wound">wound</span>→<span word="wounded">wounded</span>,<span word="relax">relax</span>→<span word="relaxed">relaxed</span>,<span word="develop">develop</span>→<span word="developed">developed</span>,<span word="appreciate">appreciate</span>→<span word="appreciated">appreciated</span>,<span word="frustrate">frustrate</span>→<span word="frustrated">frustrated</span>,<span word="interest">interest</span>→<span word="interested">interested</span>,<span word="annoy">annoy</span>→<span word="annoyed">annoyed</span>,<span word="use">use</span>→<span word="used">used</span>,<span word="frighten">frighten</span>→<span word="frightened">frightened</span>,<span word="crowd">crowd</span>→<span word="crowded">crowded</span>,<span word="thrill">thrill</span>→<span word="thrilled">thrilled</span>,<span word="pollute">pollute</span>→<span word="polluted">polluted</span> (3)有些动词可将词尾<span word="y">y</span>变为<span word="i">i</span>,加-<span word="ed">ed</span> <span word="worry">worry</span>→<span word="worried">worried</span>,<span word="marry">marry</span>→<span word="married">married</span>,<span word="fry">fry</span>→<span word="fried">fried</span>,<span word="terrify">terrify</span>→<span word="terrified">terrified</span>,<span word="satisfy">satisfy</span>→<span word="satisfied">satisfied</span></p>
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