2016届高考英语二轮语法专项复习课件：专题7 非谓语动词（新人教版）
<p> 一 二 三 四 五 非谓语动词是动词的变体,是为了满足动词作除了谓语之外的其他成分而产生的。从该意义上来说,非谓语动词是动词的升级版本,弥补了动词的先天不足。在语法填空和短文改错题中,这是必考点之一,非常重要。根据非谓语动词的类别及功能,该部分涉及的热点有动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词以及<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>等。解决非谓语动词用法的关键是:一、时态:把握非谓语动词和谓语动词的时间关系;二、语态:把握非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的主动或被动关系;三、句式结构:<span word="with">with</span>的复合结构,独立主格结构,独立结构以及使役动词的用法等。 一 二 三 四 五 一、非谓语动词的形式变化 一 二 三 四 五 二、动词不定式 动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句子中可以充当除去谓语之外的所有句子成分。 1.不定式作主语 (1)表示具体的某次动作或一件未完成的事或表示目的。如: <span word="To">To</span> <span word="lie">lie</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="father">father</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="wrong">wrong</span>.向你父亲撒谎是不对的。 (2)<span word="it">it</span>用作形式主语的常见句型: <span word="It">It</span> <span word="takes">takes</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="some">some</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> +<span word="adj">adj</span>.+<span word="for">for</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.(形容词指某事物的特征、特点) <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> +<span word="adj">adj</span>.+<span word="of">of</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.(形容词指人的性格、品德)如: <span word="It">It</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="clean">clean</span>. 保持水质清洁对我们来说是很重要的。 <span word="It">It</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="say">say</span> <span word="so">so</span>. 你这样说真是太好了。 一 二 三 四 五 2.不定式作表语 (1)表示具体动作,特别是将来的动作或者表示计划、安排、命令、劝告等。主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词,如<span word="wish">wish</span>,<span word="idea">idea</span>,<span word="task">task</span>,<span word="purpose">purpose</span>,<span word="duty">duty</span>,<span word="job">job</span>等。如: <span word="My">My</span> <span word="hope">hope</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="scientist">scientist</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="Einstein">Einstein</span>. 我的愿望是做一个像爱因斯坦那样的科学家。 (2)注意<span word="seem">seem</span>,<span word="appear">appear</span>的用法。如: <span word="They">They</span> <span word="seemed">seemed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="eating">eating</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="entered">entered</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="room">room</span>. 我进入房间时,他们好像在吃东西。 (3)<span word="be">be</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="blame">blame</span> (责备),<span word="be">be</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="let">let</span>(出租) 常用主动式表示被动。如: <span word="You">You</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="blame">blame</span>.你应该受到责备。 一 二 三 四 五 3.不定式作宾语 (1)跟在某些动词之后,简单口诀如下: 三个希望两答应:<span word="hope">hope</span>/<span word="wish">wish</span>/<span word="want">want</span>/<span word="agree">agree</span>/<span word="promise">promise</span> 两个要求莫拒绝:<span word="demand">demand</span>/<span word="ask">ask</span>/<span word="refuse">refuse</span> 设法学会做决定:<span word="manage">manage</span>/<span word="learn">learn</span>/<span word="decide">decide</span> 不要假装在选择:<span word="pretend">pretend</span>/<span word="choose">choose</span> 如: <span word="They">They</span> <span word="managed">managed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="escape">escape</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="burning">burning</span> <span word="building">building</span>. 他们设法从着火的大楼逃了出去。 一 二 三 四 五 (2)某些动词后接“疑问词+不定式” 常见的有:<span word="teach">teach</span>,<span word="decide">decide</span>,<span word="wonder">wonder</span>,<span word="show">show</span>,<span word="learn">learn</span>,<span word="forget">forget</span>,<span word="ask">ask</span>,<span word="find">find</span> <span word="out">out</span>,<span word="advise">advise</span>,<span word="discuss">discuss</span>等。如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="don">don</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="answer">answer</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="letter">letter</span>. 我不知道是否要回信。 (3)<span word="it">it</span>用作形式宾语来代替不定式的常用句型是:主语+谓语+<span word="it">it</span>(形式宾语)+宾语补足语(形容词或名词)+不定式。 常见谓语动词有:<span word="consider">consider</span>,<span word="regard">regard</span>,<span word="suppose">suppose</span>,<span word="think">think</span>,<span word="believe">believe</span>,<span word="make">make</span>,<span word="feel">feel</span>,<span word="find">find</span>,<span word="know">know</span>等。如: <span word="They">They</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="repay">repay</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="money">money</span>. 他们发现还这笔钱很困难。 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="consider">consider</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="waste">waste</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="project">project</span>. 我们认为继续进行这个项目既费时又费钱。 一 二 三 四 五 4.不定式作定语 (1)不定式可用在名词、代词、序数词、<span word="the">the</span> <span word="only">only</span>和形容词最高级等后面作定语。不定式作定语常表示将来的动作,而现在分词作定语表示正在进行的或主动的动作,过去分词作定语表示的则是完成的或被动的动作。常被不定式修饰的名词有:<span word="chance">chance</span>,<span word="need">need</span>,<span word="promise">promise</span>,<span word="time">time</span>,<span word="opportunity">opportunity</span>,<span word="way">way</span>等。如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="chance">chance</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="liberation">liberation</span>. 解放前他没有上学的机会。 (2)不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系,如果该不定式是不及物动词,其后应加上必要的介词。如: <span word="She">She</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="looking">looking</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="room">room</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="in">in</span>. 她现在正在找一所房子来居住。 一 二 三 四 五 (3)如果不定式能与主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,则常用主动式,而不用被动式,否则用被动式。如: <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="clothes">clothes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="washed">washed</span>?(<span word="I">I</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="wash">wash</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="you">you</span>.) 你有要洗的衣服吗? 对比:<span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="clothes">clothes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="wash">wash</span>?(<span word="You">You</span> <span word="wash">wash</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="clothes">clothes</span> <span word="yourself">yourself</span>.) 你有衣服要洗吗? 5.不定式作状语 (1)不定式作目的状语往往是高考命题的重点。为了加以强调,有时可把不定式放在句首,或在其前加上<span word="in">in</span> <span word="order">order</span>或<span word="so">so</span> <span word="as">as</span>。用作目的状语的不定式是一个尚未发生的将来动作。如: <span word="In">In</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="arrive">arrive</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="dark">dark</span>,<span word="we">we</span> <span word="started">started</span> <span word="early">early</span>. 为了在天黑前到达,我们很早就动身了。 一 二 三 四 五 (2)不定式作原因状语常用在某些表示情感、情绪等的形容词后面,如<span word="happy">happy</span>,<span word="kind">kind</span>,<span word="surprised">surprised</span>,<span word="frightened">frightened</span>,<span word="angry">angry</span>,<span word="shocked">shocked</span>,<span word="glad">glad</span>,<span word="delighted">delighted</span>,<span word="disappointed">disappointed</span>,<span word="sorry">sorry</span>等。如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="sorry">sorry</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hear">hear</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="failure">failure</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="business">business</span>. 听到关于你生意失败的事我很遗憾。 (3)不定式作结果状语用于<span word="so">so</span>...<span word="as">as</span> <span word="to">to</span>...,<span word="such">such</span>...<span word="as">as</span> <span word="to">to</span>,<span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="to">to</span>...,<span word="too">too</span>...<span word="to">to</span>,<span word="only">only</span> <span word="to">to</span>等结构中(其中<span word="only">only</span> <span word="to">to</span>常表示出乎意料的结果)。如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="hurried">hurried</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="booking">booking</span> <span word="office">office</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tickets">tickets</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="sold">sold</span> <span word="out">out</span>. 他匆忙去了售票处,结果被告知所有的票已经卖完了。 <span word="She">She</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="excited">excited</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="say">say</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="single">single</span> <span word="word">word</span>. 她太兴奋而说不出话来。 一 二 三 四 五 6.不定式作宾语补足语 (1)接带<span word="to">to</span>的不定式作宾语补足语,此类动词(短语)有:<span word="advise">advise</span>,<span word="allow">allow</span>,<span word="ask">ask</span>,<span word="cause">cause</span>,<span word="command">command</span>,<span word="encourage">encourage</span>,<span word="expect">expect</span>,<span word="forbid">forbid</span>,<span word="force">force</span>,<span word="get">get</span>,<span word="hate">hate</span>,<span word="invite">invite</span>,<span word="leave">leave</span>,<span word="like">like</span>,<span word="mean">mean</span>,<span word="oblige">oblige</span>,<span word="order">order</span>,<span word="permit">permit</span>,<span word="persuade">persuade</span>,<span word="prefer">prefer</span>,<span word="request">request</span>,<span word="tell">tell</span>,<span word="want">want</span>,<span word="warn">warn</span>,<span word="wish">wish</span>,<span word="call">call</span> <span word="on">on</span>,<span word="depend">depend</span> <span word="upon">upon</span>,<span word="long">long</span> <span word="for">for</span>,<span word="wait">wait</span> <span word="for">for</span>等。 一 二 三 四 五 (2)接不带<span word="to">to</span>的不定式作宾语补足语的动词(短语)有:<span word="make">make</span>,<span word="have">have</span>,<span word="let">let</span>等使役动词以及<span word="see">see</span>,<span word="watch">watch</span>,<span word="notice">notice</span>,<span word="observe">observe</span>,<span word="look">look</span> <span word="at">at</span>,<span word="feel">feel</span>,<span word="hear">hear</span>,<span word="listen">listen</span> <span word="to">to</span>等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态,则<span word="to">to</span>不可省略。动词<span word="help">help</span>后的不定式符号<span word="to">to</span>可以省略,也可以保留。如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="won">won</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="say">say</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="things">things</span>. 我可不允许你说这样的话。 <span word="She">She</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="enter">enter</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="manager">manager</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="office">office</span> <span word="ten">ten</span> <span word="minutes">minutes</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>. 十分钟前有人看见她进了经理办公室。 注意:使役动词<span word="leave">leave</span>和<span word="get">get</span>后的宾语补足语用带<span word="to">to</span>的不定式形式。 (3)用在<span word="with">with</span>/<span word="without">without</span>的复合结构中,不定式表示将来的动作。如: <span word="With">With</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="tough">tough</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="settle">settle</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="newly">newly</span>-<span word="elected">elected</span> <span word="president">president</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="having">having</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="time">time</span>. 有很多棘手的问题要解决,这位新当选的总统日子不好过。 一 二 三 四 五 三、<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>的用法 <span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>具有动词和名词的特点:动词的特点体现在可以有自己的宾语、状语和补足语,有时态和语态的变化;名词的特点体现在可以作主语、宾语、表语和定语。 1.<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>作主语 (1)<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>作主语可放在句首,谓语动词用单数,通常用来表示抽象动作或反复发生的动作或表示一件已知的事或已有的经验。如: <span word="Reading">Reading</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="happy">happy</span>. 读好书使我们快乐。 一 二 三 四 五 (2)<span word="it">it</span>用作形式主语的常见句型:<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="good">good</span>/<span word="no">no</span> <span word="use">use</span>/<span word="useless">useless</span>/<span word="worthwhile">worthwhile</span>/<span word="fun">fun</span>/<span word="a">a</span> <span word="waste">waste</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="time">time</span>+<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>。如: <span word="It">It</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="crying">crying</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="spilt">spilt</span> <span word="milk">milk</span>. 覆水难收。 注意:“<span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> +<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>”表示“不可能,无法做……”。如: <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="getting">getting</span> <span word="along">along</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="him">him</span>. 简直无法同他相处。 (3)可以有自己的逻辑主语,当作主语时,其逻辑主语常使用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词。如: <span word="Tom">Tom</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="coming">coming</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="expected">expected</span>. 汤姆的到来在我们的预料之中。 <span word="His">His</span> <span word="leaving">leaving</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="loss">loss</span>. 他的离去是一个巨大的损失。 一 二 三 四 五 2.<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>作表语 <span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>作表语时,句子主语常是表示无生命事物的名词或<span word="what">what</span>引导的名词性从句。作表语的<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。如: <span word="His">His</span> <span word="favorite">favorite</span> <span word="sport">sport</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="swimming">swimming</span>.=<span word="Swimming">Swimming</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="favorite">favorite</span> <span word="sport">sport</span>. 他最喜欢的运动是游泳。 一 二 三 四 五 3.<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>作宾语 (1)常见后接<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>作宾语的动词(短语)有:<span word="consider">consider</span>,<span word="suggest">suggest</span>/<span word="advise">advise</span>,<span word="excuse">excuse</span>/<span word="pardon">pardon</span>,<span word="admit">admit</span>,<span word="delay">delay</span>/<span word="put">put</span> <span word="off">off</span>,<span word="fancy">fancy</span>,<span word="avoid">avoid</span>,<span word="miss">miss</span>,<span word="keep">keep</span>/<span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="on">on</span>,<span word="practice">practice</span>,<span word="deny">deny</span>,<span word="finish">finish</span>,<span word="enjoy">enjoy</span>/<span word="appreciate">appreciate</span>,<span word="forbid">forbid</span>,<span word="imagine">imagine</span>,<span word="risk">risk</span>,<span word="can">can</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="help">help</span>,<span word="mind">mind</span>,<span word="allow">allow</span>/<span word="permit">permit</span>,<span word="escape">escape</span>等。如: <span word="David">David</span> <span word="suggested">suggested</span> <span word="selling">selling</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="house">house</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="car">car</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="debt">debt</span>. 戴维建议卖掉你的房子和车来抵债。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="couldn">couldn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="missing">missing</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="train">train</span>. 我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的风险。 一 二 三 四 五 (2)有些动词接不定式或<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>作宾语皆可,但是意义区别较大。如: <span word="remember">remember</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.记住要去做某事 <span word="remember">remember</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.记得曾做过某事 <span word="forget">forget</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.忘记要做某事 <span word="forget">forget</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.忘记做过某事 <span word="regret">regret</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.很抱歉或遗憾地要去做某事 <span word="regret">regret</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.后悔做了某事 <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.打算做……,想要去做 <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.意味着 一 二 三 四 五 (3)作介词的宾语,也常用于固定短语和句型中。如:<span word="be">be</span>/<span word="get">get</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span>,<span word="devote">devote</span>...<span word="to">to</span>...,<span word="look">look</span> <span word="forward">forward</span> <span word="to">to</span>,<span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="to">to</span>,<span word="get">get</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="to">to</span>,<span word="think">think</span> <span word="of">of</span>,<span word="be">be</span> <span word="proud">proud</span> <span word="of">of</span>,<span word="prevent">prevent</span>...<span word="from">from</span>...,<span word="keep">keep</span>...<span word="from">from</span>...,<span word="be">be</span> <span word="engaged">engaged</span> <span word="in">in</span>,<span word="feel">feel</span> <span word="like">like</span>以及<span word="have">have</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="difficulty">difficulty</span>/<span word="trouble">trouble</span>/<span word="problems">problems</span>/<span word="fun">fun</span>/<span word="pleasure">pleasure</span>/<span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="time">time</span>/<span word="a">a</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="time">time</span> (<span word="in">in</span>)...,<span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="need">need</span>/<span word="use">use</span>/<span word="harm">harm</span>/<span word="hurry">hurry</span> (<span word="in">in</span>)...等。如: <span word="We">We</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="thinking">thinking</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="term">term</span>. 我们正考虑为下学期制订一项新的计划。 (4)<span word="it">it</span>可作形式宾语,代替<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>,句型为:主语+谓语+<span word="it">it</span>(形式宾语)+宾语补足语+<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>。 宾语补足语只限于少数几个词或短语,如:<span word="useless">useless</span>,<span word="worthwhile">worthwhile</span>,<span word="senseless">senseless</span>,<span word="fun">fun</span>,<span word="no">no</span> <span word="good">good</span>,<span word="no">no</span> <span word="use">use</span>等。如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="useless">useless</span> <span word="advising">advising</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="mind">mind</span>. 我发现劝说他改变主意是没有用的。 一 二 三 四 五 (5)<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>和不定式作宾语的转化:<span word="want">want</span>,<span word="need">need</span>,<span word="require">require</span>,<span word="deserve">deserve</span>等动词以物作主语时,其后的宾语用主动式表示被动含义或用不定式的被动式。如: <span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="trees">trees</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="watering">watering</span>/<span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="watered">watered</span>. 那些小树需要浇水了。 4.<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>作定语 只能放在名词前面,说明该名词的性能或用途,不用来表示动作。如: <span word="You">You</span>’<span word="d">d</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="sleeping">sleeping</span> <span word="pills">pills</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bed">bed</span>. 睡觉前你最好服用些安眠药。 一 二 三 四 五 四、分词的用法 分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种,在句中可作状语、定语、表语和补语等。 1.分词作状语 (1)分词在句中可作时间、原因、结果、条件、方式、伴随状语,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。现在分词表示主动的动作,过去分词表示被动或完成的动作。其中,分词作时间、条件、原因、让步等状语时,可以和状语从句替换。如: <span word="Having">Having</span> <span word="waited">waited</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="queue">queue</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="half">half</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="hour">hour</span>,<span word="Tom">Tom</span> <span word="suddenly">suddenly</span> <span word="realized">realized</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="wallet">wallet</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="home">home</span>. =<span word="After">After</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="waited">waited</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="queue">queue</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="half">half</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="hour">hour</span>,<span word="Tom">Tom</span> <span word="suddenly">suddenly</span> <span word="realized">realized</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="wallet">wallet</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="home">home</span>. 排了半小时的队后,汤姆突然意识到把钱包落在家里了。 一 二 三 四 五 (2)分词作伴随状语时,现在分词表示主动的动作,过去分词表示被动或完成的动作。不能用状语从句替换,但可以改写成并列结构。如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="walked">walked</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hill">hill</span>,<span word="singing">singing</span> <span word="softly">softly</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="himself">himself</span>. =<span word="He">He</span> <span word="walked">walked</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hill">hill</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sang">sang</span> <span word="softly">softly</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="himself">himself</span>. 他向山下走去,轻轻地哼着歌。 (3)某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化,且往往用于一些系表结构中,表示一种状态,这样的词(短语)有:<span word="lost">lost</span>,<span word="seated">seated</span>,<span word="hidden">hidden</span>,<span word="stationed">stationed</span> (驻扎),<span word="lost">lost</span>/<span word="absorbed">absorbed</span> <span word="in">in</span>(沉溺于),<span word="dressed">dressed</span> <span word="in">in</span>,<span word="tired">tired</span> <span word="of">of</span>等,不管它们作什么成分,都不用其现在分词形式。如: <span word="Absorbed">Absorbed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="book">book</span>,<span word="he">he</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="notice">notice</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="enter">enter</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="room">room</span>. =<span word="As">As</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="absorbed">absorbed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="book">book</span>,<span word="he">he</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="notice">notice</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="enter">enter</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="room">room</span>. 因为沉浸在书中,他没有注意到我进了房间。 (4)分词在句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致;如果不一致,必须用独立主格结构来表示,即在分词形式前加上它的逻辑主语。如: <span word="So">So</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="absent">absent</span>,<span word="we">we</span> <span word="decided">decided</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span>. 这么多人缺席,我们决定将会议延期。 一 二 三 四 五 2.分词作定语 (1)现在分词的主动式作定语表示某个正在进行的动作或某个经常性的主动动作或状态。现在分词的被动式表示一个时间上正在发生而语态上是被动的动作。如: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="flowers">flowers</span> <span word="smelling">smelling</span> <span word="sweet">sweet</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="garden">garden</span> <span word="attract">attract</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="visitors">visitors</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="beauty">beauty</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="nature">nature</span>. 花园里散发着香味的鲜花吸引着参观者来欣赏自然美景。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="discussed">discussed</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="important">important</span>. 正在被讨论的这个问题很重要。 (2)过去分词作定语表示某个被动的或完成的动作,有时也可以表示一个经常性的被动动作(无时间性)。如: <span word="Is">Is</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="written">written</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Henry">Henry</span> <span word="James">James</span>? 这是亨利·詹姆斯写的书吗? <span word="He">He</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="respected">respected</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="students">students</span>. 他是位受到学生尊重的老师。 一 二 三 四 五 3.分词作宾语补足语 (1)用在感官动词<span word="see">see</span>,<span word="observe">observe</span>,<span word="notice">notice</span>,<span word="watch">watch</span>,<span word="hear">hear</span>,<span word="smell">smell</span>,<span word="listen">listen</span> <span word="to">to</span>,<span word="look">look</span> <span word="at">at</span>,<span word="feel">feel</span>,<span word="find">find</span> 或使役动词<span word="have">have</span>,<span word="get">get</span>,<span word="leave">leave</span>,<span word="keep">keep</span>等后面。现在分词表示正在进行的主动动作,过去分词表示已完成的被动动作。 (2)用在<span word="with">with</span>/<span word="without">without</span>的复合结构中。过去分词作宾语补足语表示被动和完成的动作;现在分词表示正在进行的主动动作。如: <span word="We">We</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="house">house</span> <span word="easily">easily</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="boy">boy</span> <span word="leading">leading</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="way">way</span>. 在这个小男孩的引领下,我们很容易地找到了这个房子。 <span word="With">With</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="bought">bought</span>,<span word="she">she</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="happily">happily</span>. 她高兴地回家了,带着买的所有她需要的物品。 一 二 三 四 五 4.分词作表语 (1)现在分词具有形容词的特征,一般表示主语的性质、特征,常具有“某物或某事令人……”的意思。如: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="film">film</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="moving">moving</span>.这部电影很感人。 (2)过去分词多用来描述人或高级动物的心理状态,表示情感、情绪的过去分词常具有“某人感到……”的意思。如: <span word="They">They</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="satisfied">satisfied</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="job">job</span>. 他们对当前的工作感到满意。 一 二 三 四 五 五、独立结构作状语 有些非谓语动词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,可作为习惯用法。这些短语有:<span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="speaking">speaking</span> (总的说来),<span word="frankly">frankly</span> <span word="speaking">speaking</span> (坦率地说),<span word="judging">judging</span> <span word="from">from</span> (从……判断),<span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="honest">honest</span>(老实说),<span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="sure">sure</span> (确实),<span word="to">to</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="truth">truth</span> (说实话),<span word="to">to</span> <span word="cut">cut</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="story">story</span> <span word="short">short</span> (长话短说),<span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="frank">frank</span> (坦率地说),<span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="matters">matters</span>/<span word="things">things</span> <span word="worse">worse</span> (更糟糕的是),<span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span>等。 另外,<span word="given">given</span>,<span word="considering">considering</span>,<span word="providing">providing</span>/<span word="provided">provided</span>,<span word="supposing">supposing</span>等可用作连词或介词。 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ.完成句子(高考真题变式训练) 1.<span word="While">While</span> <span word="waiting">waiting</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="opportunity">opportunity</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> </p>
页:
[1]