2016届高考英语二轮语法专项复习课件：专题8 定语从句（新人教版）
<p> 一 二 三 四 一、正确选择关系词 1.选择关系词可考虑以下三点: 一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用<span word="who">who</span>或<span word="whom">whom</span>,指人时通常不用<span word="which">which</span>等)。 二看关系词的句法功能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用<span word="whose">whose</span>,有时也用<span word="which">which</span>;作状语要用<span word="when">when</span>,<span word="where">where</span>,<span word="why">why</span>)。 三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如<span word="that">that</span>和<span word="why">why</span>通常不引导非限制性定语从句)。 一 二 三 四 2.关系词的具体作用 一 二 三 四 一 二 三 四 二、定语从句中介词的前置 1.关系副词与“介词+<span word="which">which</span>” 关系副词<span word="when">when</span>和<span word="where">where</span>在多数情况下,可以替换为“介词+<span word="which">which</span>”,其中的“介词”通常应根据先行词的含义、句子的意思、与从句中谓语动词的搭配等来确定;<span word="why">why</span>相当于<span word="for">for</span> <span word="which">which</span>。 <span word="I">I</span>’<span word="ll">ll</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="forget">forget</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="when">when</span>(=<span word="on">on</span> <span word="which">which</span>) <span word="I">I</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="met">met</span> <span word="you">you</span>.我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="name">name</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="where">where</span>(=<span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span>) <span word="you">you</span> <span word="live">live</span>?你住的那个城市叫什么名字? <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="why">why</span>(=<span word="for">for</span> <span word="which">which</span>) <span word="she">she</span> <span word="doesn">doesn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="me">me</span>?你知道她不喜欢我的原因吗? 一 二 三 四 2.“介词+关系代词”结构 当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,往往把该介词置于关系代词前面。“介词+<span word="whom">whom</span>”只能指人;“介词+ <span word="which">which</span>”只能指物。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="documents">documents</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="searching">searching</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="recovered">recovered</span>.他们寻找的文件已经找到了。(注意搭配<span word="search">search</span> <span word="for">for</span>) <span word="He">He</span> <span word="referred">referred</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="reference">reference</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="familiar">familiar</span>.他要我去看一些我不熟悉的参考书。(注意搭配 <span word="be">be</span> <span word="familiar">familiar</span> <span word="with">with</span>) <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="story">story</span>.这就是那本书,从这本书中我读到了这个故事。(由于句中含有“从……”的意思,所以用介词 <span word="from">from</span>) 3.表示所属关系时,介词应用<span word="of">of</span>,关系代词为<span word="which">which</span>/<span word="whom">whom</span>,即“<span word="the">the</span> +名词+ <span word="of">of</span> + <span word="which">which</span>/<span word="whom">whom</span>”,可转换为“<span word="whose">whose</span>+ 名词”。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="lives">lives</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="room">room</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="window">window</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="faces">faces</span> <span word="west">west</span>. =<span word="He">He</span> <span word="lives">lives</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="room">room</span>,<span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="window">window</span> <span word="faces">faces</span> <span word="west">west</span>. 他住在一间窗户朝西的房间里。 一 二 三 四 三、定语从句与其他句子结构的区别 1.定语从句与同位语从句的区别。二者都跟在名词后面,区别是:定语从句修饰先行词,是对其进行修饰限定;同位语从句则是对前面名词的解释说明,是其内容。同位语从句前的名词常为抽象名词,如:<span word="idea">idea</span>,<span word="fact">fact</span>,<span word="truth">truth</span>,<span word="evidence">evidence</span>,<span word="news">news</span>,<span word="thought">thought</span>等。同位语从句主要由<span word="that">that</span>引导,在从句中不作成分,有时也可以由<span word="when">when</span>,<span word="where">where</span>,<span word="how">how</span>,<span word="why">why</span>,<span word="whether">whether</span>,<span word="what">what</span>等词引导,在从句中充当成分。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="news">news</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="won">won</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="excited">excited</span>.(“<span word="our">our</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="won">won</span>”是<span word="news">news</span>的内容,<span word="that">that</span>不充当从句的成分,为同位语从句。可理解为:<span word="The">The</span> <span word="news">news</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="won">won</span>.) <span word="The">The</span> <span word="news">news</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="exciting">exciting</span>.(<span word="he">he</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="me">me</span> 缺少一个直接宾语,由<span word="that">that</span>充当,故为定语从句。不能将其理解为:<span word="The">The</span> <span word="news">news</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="me">me</span>.) 一 二 三 四 2.定语从句与并列句和简单句的区别。区别的关键是看标点和连词。 <span word="Our">Our</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="sixty">sixty</span> <span word="students">students</span>,<span word="most">most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="whom">whom</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>.(逗号后为另一句子,两个句子之间要用连接词<span word="whom">whom</span>,此为定语从句) <span word="Our">Our</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="sixty">sixty</span> <span word="students">students</span>,<span word="and">and</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>.(逗号后为另一句子,且有并列连词<span word="and">and</span>,故用<span word="them">them</span>即可,此为并列句) <span word="Our">Our</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="sixty">sixty</span> <span word="students">students</span>.<span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>.(此处为句号,代表两个独立的简单句,故不需要连词) 一 二 三 四 3.定语从句与状语从句的区别。定语从句前面必须有先行词,而时间状语从句和地点状语从句则是作整个句子的状语,前面没有先行词。 <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="back">back</span>?(定语从句,前面有先行词<span word="time">time</span>) <span word="I">I</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="shopping">shopping</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="back">back</span>.(时间状语从句,表示主句动作发生的时间,前面没有先行词) <span word="Put">Put</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="belongs">belongs</span>.(地点状语从句,指的是“放书”的地点,前面无先行词,因此不能用<span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span>) <span word="Put">Put</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="place">place</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="belongs">belongs</span>.(定语从句,前面有先行词<span word="place">place</span>) 4.定语从句与强调句的区别。当<span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> /<span word="was">was</span>后出现表示地点或是时间的名词时,其后所接从句是定语从句还是强调结构,要看将<span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span>/<span word="was">was</span>和<span word="that">that</span>(可以先假设)去掉之后句式是否完整(不缺少成分),完整则为强调句。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="Sunday">Sunday</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="back">back</span>.(定语从句) <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Sunday">Sunday</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="back">back</span>.(强调句式,强调的是时间状语<span word="on">on</span> <span word="Sunday">Sunday</span>,去掉<span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span>和<span word="that">that</span>后句式完整) 一 二 三 四 四、定语从句的几个特殊情况 1.<span word="the">the</span> <span word="way">way</span>后面的定语从句,关系词若在从句中作状语,相当于“用这种方式/方法(=<span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="way">way</span>)”时,通常不用关系词,偶尔用<span word="that">that</span>,在较正式的文体里才用<span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span>来引导。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="impressed">impressed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="it">it</span>. 她做这件事的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。 但是,要具体分析关系词的语法作用。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语,要使用<span word="that">that</span>或<span word="which">which</span>引导定语从句。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="that">that</span>/<span word="which">which</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="explained">explained</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="simple">simple</span>. 他向我们解释的方法非常简单。 一 二 三 四 2.地点模糊化:在这一用法中常出现的先行词有<span word="situation">situation</span>,<span word="stage">stage</span>,<span word="point">point</span>,<span word="case">case</span>,<span word="activity">activity</span>,<span word="job">job</span>,<span word="position">position</span>等,这些词经常用来表达某事或某人所处的阶段、程度或状态,其后的定语从句缺少地点状语,应该使用关系副词<span word="where">where</span>来引导定语从句。 <span word="Who">Who</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="situation">situation</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="phrase">phrase</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="used">used</span>? 谁能想出这个短语在哪种情景下可以使用? 3.当定语从句的先行词是“<span word="the">the</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span>+复数名词”时,定语从句的谓语动词要与 <span word="one">one</span>保持一致而采取单数形式,其原因跟句子的意义有关。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="workers">workers</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="able">able</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="job">job</span>. 他是那些工人中唯一能做这项工作的人。 Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ.完成句子(高考真题变式训练) 1.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="exact">exact</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="Angela">Angela</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="family">family</span> <span word="spent">spent</span> <span word="together">together</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="was">was</span> 2008.2.<span word="I">I</span> <span word="borrowed">borrowed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="Sherlock">Sherlock</span> <span word="Holmes">Holmes</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="library">library</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="week">week</span>, <span word="my">my</span> <span word="classmates">classmates</span> <span word="recommended">recommended</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="me">me</span>.3.<span word="Students">Students</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="involve">involve</span> <span word="themselves">themselves</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="community">community</span> <span word="activities">activities</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="gain">gain</span> <span word="experience">experience</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="growth">growth</span>.4.<span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="looking">looking</span> <span word="forward">forward</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="daughter">daughter</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="read">read</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="feelings">feelings</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="her">her</span>.5.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="helped">helped</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="greatly">greatly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="daily">daily</span> <span word="communication">communication</span>,<span word="especially">especially</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="work">work</span></p>
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