2017届高考英语牛津译林版一轮写作能力提升课件：第11讲 开头和结尾在写作中的应用
<p> 一、魔法导航 引人入胜的开头(凤头)是写作成功的保障,而回味无穷的结尾(豹尾)可以为文 章锦上添花。因此,熟练掌握恰当的开头和结尾方式对提升作文品质至关重 要。 (一)记叙文的常用开头和结尾法 常用开头法 1.情景铺垫法:在文章的开头先把人物、事件和环境交代清楚。 <span word="Last">Last</span> <span word="Tuesday">Tuesday</span>, <span word="our">our</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="invited">invited</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="craftsman">craftsman</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="teach">teach</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="dough">dough</span> <span word="figurines">figurines</span>. (2015北京) 2.环境衬托法:在文章开头利用自然景物或社会环境引出要介绍的事物或谈论 的话题。 ——凤头豹尾,双管齐下 3.回忆引题法:通过回忆的方法引入文章要表达的主题。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="remember">remember</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="incident">incident</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="happened">happened</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rainy">rainy</span> <span word="Sunday">Sunday</span> <span word="afternoon">afternoon</span>. (201 4湖北) 常用结尾法 1.隐含式:用含蓄的手法间接地表达作者的情感或看法,让读者自己意会或思 索。 <span word="Grandpa">Grandpa</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="happy">happy</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bird">bird</span> <span word="flying">flying</span> <span word="away">away</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sky">sky</span>.</p><p> 2.抒情式:直抒胸臆,表达自己的看法或情感。 <span word="I">I</span>'<span word="m">m</span> <span word="confident">confident</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="I">I</span>'<span word="ll">ll</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="expectation">expectation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="future">future</span>. (2017课标全国Ⅱ) 3.点题式:总结全文,进一步升华主题。 <span word="From">From</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="experience">experience</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="learnt">learnt</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="questioning">questioning</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="serve">serve</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bridge">bridge</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="helps">helps</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="seek">seek</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="truth">truth</span>. (2015湖北) (二)说明文的常用开头和结尾法 常用开头法 1.开篇点题法:在文章的开头就点明文章要介绍的事物。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="magic">magic</span> <span word="schoolbag">schoolbag</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="traditional">traditional</span> <span word="one">one</span>. <span word="Let">Let</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="introduce">introduce</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="unique">unique</span> <span word="function">function</span>. (2017湖南) 2.问题引入法:在文章的开头先用提问题的方法引出文章涉及的内容。 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="encourage">encourage</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="kids">kids</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="concentrate">concentrate</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="studying">studying</span> <span word="lessons">lessons</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="well">well</span>? 3.引用数据法:利用数据引出要说明的问题或谈论的主题。 <span word="More">More</span> <span word="than">than</span> 60% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="middle">middle</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="short">short</span>-<span word="sighted">sighted</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="shows">shows</span>. 常用结尾法 结论式:总结说明的事物,进一步说明其特征、影响、意义等。 <span word="In">In</span> <span word="conclusion">conclusion</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="friendship">friendship</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="me">me</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="contributes">contributes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="re">re</span>- <span word="covery">covery</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="helps">helps</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="succeed">succeed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="study">study</span>. (2017山东) (三)议论文的常用开头和结尾法 常用开头法 1. 点明主旨法:提出一个观点或论据作为文章要阐述的主题。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="interview">interview</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="Yang">Yang</span> <span word="Liwei">Liwei</span>. (2015安徽) 2. 列举实例(现象)法:通过实例或现象引出要谈论的话题。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="phenomenon">phenomenon</span> <span word="of">of</span> “<span word="My">My</span> <span word="friend">friend</span> <span word="falls">falls</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="laugh">laugh</span>;<span word="my">my</span> <span word="phone">phone</span> <span word="falls">falls</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="cry">cry</span>.” <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="exists">exists</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="us">us</span>. (2017重庆) 常用结尾法 1.概括式:用一句或几句话概括全文内容,进一步深化主题或强调作者的观 点。 <span word="So">So</span>, <span word="it">it</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="safe">safe</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="conclude">conclude</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="reasonable">reasonable</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="include">include</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="facilitates">facilitates</span> <span word="daily">daily</span> <span word="communication">communication</span>. (2017江苏) 2.引用式:引用格言、谚语或习语总结全文。 <span word="As">As</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="proverb">proverb</span> <span word="goes">goes</span>,“<span word="Rome">Rome</span> <span word="wasn">wasn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="built">built</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="day">day</span>.” <span word="Success">Success</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="easy">easy</span>, <span word="so">so</span> <span word="what">what</span>- <span word="ever">ever</span> <span word="failures">failures</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="experience">experience</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="ourselves">ourselves</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="trying">trying</span>. (2017 福建) 3.展望或呼吁式:在文章的结尾表示对未来的展望或期待,希望或呼吁人们投 入行动。 <span word="It">It</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="everybody">everybody</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="duty">duty</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="observe">observe</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="traffic">traffic</span> <span word="rules">rules</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="society">society</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="right">right</span> <span word="track">track</span>. (2015江苏) 二、学以致用 1.完美文章 根据文章内容给下面短文写一个恰当的开头和结尾。 <span word="How">How</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="healthy">healthy</span> 文章开头: <span word="Here">Here</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="suggestions">suggestions</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="healthy">healthy</span>.<span word="To">To</span> <span word="begin">begin</span> <span word="with">with</span>,<span word="you">you</span> <span word="ought">ought</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mind">mind</span>,<span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="benefit">benefit</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reducing">reducing</span> <span word="pressure">pressure</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fighting">fighting</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="diseases">diseases</span>.<span word="In">In</span> <span word="addition">addition</span>,<span word="it">it</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="balanced">balanced</span> <span word="diet">diet</span>,<span word="which">which</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="include">include</span> <span word="energy">energy</span>-<span word="giving">giving</span> <span word="foods">foods</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="body">body</span>-<span word="building">building</span> <span word="foods">foods</span>. <span word="Last">Last</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="least">least</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="rest">rest</span>,<span word="but">but</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="exercise">exercise</span> <span word="regularly">regularly</span>.<span word="In">In</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="way">way</span>,<span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="build">build</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="body">body</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="ensure">ensure</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="well">well</span>. 文章结尾:</p>
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