2017届广东省广州市天河中学高考英语语法一轮复习基础知识点精讲：动词语态03（含答案）
<p> 四、被动语态与系表结构 所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的动词-<span word="ed">ed</span>形式”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。 <span word="A">A</span>. 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用<span word="by">by</span>+人或<span word="by">by</span>+抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般不用。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="gate">gate</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="garden">garden</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="locked">locked</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="girl">girl</span>. 花园门被那个女孩锁上了。（被动结构） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="gate">gate</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="garden">garden</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="locked">locked</span>. 花园门锁了。（系表结构） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="tree">tree</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="blown">blown</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="winds">winds</span>. 那棵树被大风吹倒了。（被动结构） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="tree">tree</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="blown">blown</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="saw">saw</span> <span word="it">it</span>. 我们看到那棵树时，它已经被吹倒了。（系表结构） 注意： 少数“连系动词<span word="be">be</span> + 用作表语的动词-<span word="ed">ed</span>形式”也带<span word="by">by</span>短语。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="surrounded">surrounded</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="children">children</span>. 老人被孩子们团团围住。（被动语态） <span word="Guilin">Guilin</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="surrounded">surrounded</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="hills">hills</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="mountains">mountains</span>. 桂林周围都是山。（系表结构） <span word="We">We</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="held">held</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="fog">fog</span>. 我们因雾受阻。（被动语态） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="tree">tree</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="fruit">fruit</span>. 看到果子就知道是什么树。（系表结构） <span word="B">B</span>. 系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态；而被动语态可用多种时态。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="composition">composition</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="written">written</span>. 这篇作文写得很好。（系表结构） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="composition">composition</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="written">written</span>. 这篇作文正在写。（被动语态） <span word="C">C</span>. 系表结构中的过去分词可被<span word="very">very</span>, <span word="too">too</span>, <span word="so">so</span>修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用<span word="much">much</span>修饰。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="boy">boy</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="frightened">frightened</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="move">move</span>. 这孩子吓得动也不敢动。（系表结构） <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="excited">excited</span>.他很激动。（系表结构） <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="excited">excited</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="news">news</span>. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构） <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="be">be</span> + 不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构。 <span word="Her">Her</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="gone">gone</span>. 她的钱都花光了。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="honoured">honoured</span> <span word="guests">guests</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span>. 贵宾们到了。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="moon">moon</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="risen">risen</span>. 月亮升起来了。 <span word="She">She</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="grown">grown</span> <span word="up">up</span>. 她长大了。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="leaves">leaves</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="fallen">fallen</span>. 树叶落了。 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="prepared">prepared</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="worst">worst</span>. 我们已准备好应付最坏的情况。 <span word="E">E</span>. 表示“充满”意思的“<span word="be">be</span> + 过去分词 + <span word="with">with</span>”结构多为系表结构。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="mountain">mountain</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="covered">covered</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="snow">snow</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="round">round</span>. 这座山终年被积雪覆盖。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="classroom">classroom</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="crowded">crowded</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="pupils">pupils</span>. 教室里挤满了学生。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="lake">lake</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="dotted">dotted</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="fishing">fishing</span> <span word="boats">boats</span>. 湖里渔帆点点。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="floor">floor</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="piled">piled</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="books">books</span>. 地板上堆满了旧书。 <span word="F">F</span>. <span word="remain">remain</span>, <span word="feel">feel</span>, <span word="lie">lie</span>, <span word="stand">stand</span> 以及 <span word="become">become</span>, <span word="grow">grow</span> 等词 + 过去分词结构多为系表结构。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="matter">matter</span> <span word="remained">remained</span> <span word="unsettled">unsettled</span>. 这件事悬而未决。 <span word="She">She</span> <span word="felt">felt</span> <span word="disappointed">disappointed</span>. 她感到失望。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="road">road</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="crowded">crowded</span>. 道路拥挤了。 <span word="G">G</span>. 句中有时间状语和地点状语时，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="bank">bank</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="closed">closed</span>. 银行现在关门了。（系表结构） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="bank">bank</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="closed">closed</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="six">six</span>. 银行通常六点关门。（被动语态） <span word="He">He</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="married">married</span>. 他结婚了。（系表结构） <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="married">married</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Beijing">Beijing</span>. 他是在北京结婚的。（被动语态）五、主动形式表示被动意义 英语中有些结构形式上是主动的，而表达的意义却是被动的。 <span word="A">A</span>．某些不及物动词的被动意义 英语中一般只有及物动词才用于被动语态，不及物动词不用于这种结构。但有些时候，某些不及物动词，其主动形式含有被动的意义。 <span word="When">When</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="accident">accident</span> <span word="occur">occur</span> 事故是什么时候发生的？ <span word="Ice">Ice</span>-<span word="cream">cream</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="goes">goes</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="hot">hot</span> <span word="weather">weather</span>. 冰淇淋在暑天销路好。 <span word="Does">Does</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="exist">exist</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="moon">moon</span> 月球上存在着生命吗？ <span word="B">B</span>．一些表示“开始”、“结束”意思的动词 <span word="Class">Class</span> <span word="begins">begins</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="eight">eight</span>.八点钟开始上课。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="ended">ended</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="warm">warm</span> <span word="applause">applause</span>.会议在热烈的掌声中结束了。 <span word="C">C</span>．一些表示“运转”意义的动词 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="machine">machine</span> <span word="runs">runs</span> <span word="well">well</span>.机器运转良好。 <span word="His">His</span> <span word="voice">voice</span> <span word="records">records</span> <span word="well">well</span>. 他的音录下来很好。 <span word="D">D</span>．当<span word="read">read</span>, <span word="write">write</span>, <span word="translate">translate</span>等动词与表示行为方式的状语连用时 动词<span word="read">read</span>, <span word="write">write</span>, <span word="translate">translate</span>, <span word="act">act</span>, <span word="add">add</span>, <span word="wash">wash</span>, <span word="wear">wear</span>, <span word="cook">cook</span>, <span word="lock">lock</span>, <span word="sell">sell</span>, <span word="tear">tear</span>, <span word="cut">cut</span>, <span word="keep">keep</span>, <span word="feel">feel</span>, <span word="burn">burn</span>, <span word="strike">strike</span>, <span word="last">last</span>等常和表示行为方式的状语连用，表示被动意义。这些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。当主语是人时，是及物动词；当主语是物时，是不及物动词，即 用主动形式表示被动意义。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="sells">sells</span> <span word="well">well</span>. 这书的销路很好。 <span word="My">My</span> <span word="pen">pen</span> <span word="writes">writes</span> <span word="smoothly">smoothly</span>. 我的笔很好写。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="play">play</span> <span word="reads">reads</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="easily">easily</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="acts">acts</span>.这剧本易读不易演。 提示： 这些动词常和情态动词（多半是否定式）连用，表示被动。 <span word="His">His</span> <span word="car">car</span> <span word="can">can</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="move">move</span>.他的车不能开了。 <span word="E">E</span>．表示状态特征的连系动词的被动意义 有些表示状态特征的连系动词，如<span word="look">look</span>, <span word="smell">smell</span>, <span word="taste">taste</span>, <span word="sound">sound</span>, <span word="prove">prove</span>, <span word="appear">appear</span>, <span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="out">out</span>等主动形式表示被动意义。 <span word="Good">Good</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span> <span word="tastes">tastes</span> <span word="bitter">bitter</span>.良药苦口。 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="proved">proved</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="correct">correct</span>. 他的话证明是正确的。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="flowers">flowers</span> <span word="smell">smell</span> <span word="sweet">sweet</span>.这些花闻起来很香。 <span word="Your">Your</span> <span word="sentence">sentence</span> <span word="doesn">doesn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="sound">sound</span> <span word="right">right</span>. 你这话听起来不大对头。 <span word="F">F</span>．一些动词的进行时态可以表示一个被动的动作 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="meat">meat</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="cooking">cooking</span>. 肉正在烧。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="printing">printing</span>. 这本书正在印刷之中。 <span word="G">G</span>．有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的 <span word="She">She</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="blame">blame</span>. 她应该受到责备。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="house">house</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="let">let</span>. 此房出租。</p>
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