高考英语一轮复习精品课件《Module 4 Great Scientists》（外研版必修4）
<p> 知识要点 要点四</p><p> 语法 1. 复习被动语态 (1)各种时态的被动语态的构成 知识要点 例句：<span word="English">English</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="taught">taught</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="China">China</span>. 中国大多数学校都教英语。(一般现在时) <span word="They">They</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="warm">warm</span> <span word="send">send</span><span word="off">off</span>. 他们受到热烈的欢送。(一般过去时) <span word="I">I</span>’<span word="m">m</span> <span word="afraid">afraid</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="followed">followed</span>. 恐怕我被人跟踪了。（现在进行时） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="recently">recently</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="tried">tried</span>. 案子最近已经审过了。(现在完成时) <span word="Their">Their</span> <span word="wedding">wedding</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="held">held</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="church">church</span>. 他们的婚礼将在教堂里举行。（一般将来时） <span word="All">All</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tickets">tickets</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="sold">sold</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span>. 他们到达时，所有的票已经售完了。(过去完成时) 知识要点 (2)使用被动语态时值得注意的几个问题 ①表示某处有某人或某物的<span word="there">there</span> <span word="be">be</span>结构、主系表结构及不及物动词充当句子的谓语动词时，不能变被动语态。 例句：<span word="We">We</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>.我们努力学习。 ②动词<span word="have">have</span>不论表示“有”，还是表示其他动作，虽是及物动词，用于主动语态时可以带宾语，但不可变为被动语态。 例句：<span word="We">We</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="meals">meals</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="day">day</span>.我们一天吃三餐。 知识要点 ③有些及物动词表示某种情况或状态，而不表示动作，如<span word="become">become</span>，<span word="comprise">comprise</span>，<span word="contain">contain</span>，<span word="equal">equal</span>，<span word="fit">fit</span>，<span word="hold">hold</span>，<span word="join">join</span>，<span word="lack">lack</span>，<span word="mean">mean</span>，<span word="resemble">resemble</span>，<span word="suit">suit</span>等。与此相似的<span word="look">look</span> <span word="like">like</span>，<span word="consist">consist</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="become">become</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="belong">belong</span> <span word="to">to</span>等不可变为被动语态。 例句：<span word="I">I</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="it">it</span>’<span word="ll">ll</span> <span word="fit">fit</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="long">long</span>. 我想它很快就会适合我。 ④短语动词的被动语态：有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，所以也有被动语态。短语动词在主动结构中是一个不可分割的词组，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉后面的介词或副词。 例句：<span word="That">That</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="laughed">laughed</span> <span word="at">at</span>. 那位老人常受人嘲笑。 知识要点 ⑤情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+<span word="be">be</span>+动词的过去分词。 例句：<span word="The">The</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="ought">ought</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="practice">practice</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="possible">possible</span>.计划必须尽快执行。 ⑥带双宾语的动词的被动语态：由其中一个宾语作主语，常为表示人的间接宾语。 例句：<span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="books">books</span>. <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="given">given</span>（<span word="to">to</span>）<span word="him">him</span>. 有人给了他一些书。 ⑦带宾语补足语的动词的被动语态：由宾语作主语，原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。 例句：<span word="We">We</span> <span word="elected">elected</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="monitor">monitor</span>. 我们选他当我们的班长。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="elected">elected</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="monitor">monitor</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="us">us</span>. 他被我们选为班长。 知识要点 ⑧不定式的被动语态 主动句中的宾语如果是不带<span word="to">to</span>的不定式，在变成被动句中的主语补足语时，<span word="to">to</span>不能省去。 例句：<span word="She">She</span> <span word="heard">heard</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="sing">sing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="song">song</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="now">now</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="heard">heard</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="sing">sing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="song">song</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="now">now</span>. 她听到他刚才唱了一首歌。 ⑨被动语态和“连系动词<span word="be">be</span>+表语（过去分词）”的区别 被动语态表示动作，而“连系动词<span word="be">be</span>+表语（过去分词）”表示状态。 例句：<span word="The">The</span> <span word="door">door</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="locked">locked</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="monitor">monitor</span>. 门是班长锁的。（被动语态） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="door">door</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="locked">locked</span>. 门锁着。（连系动词+表语） 知识要点 【链接训练】 ①<span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="opportunities">opportunities</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="challenges">challenges</span> ________ <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="university">university</span> <span word="education">education</span>. <span word="A">A</span>.<span word="are">are</span> <span word="open">open</span> <span word="B">B</span>.<span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="opened">opened</span> <span word="C">C</span>.<span word="are">are</span> <span word="open">open</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="D">D</span>.<span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="opened">opened</span> <span word="up">up</span> 【解析】句意为：对那些受过高等教育的人来说，将来新的机会和挑战是很多的。这是“动词+副词”结构，根据句意，应该用将来时的被动语态，故选<span word="D">D</span>。 【答案】<span word="D">D</span> 知识要点 ②<span word="Thirty">Thirty</span> <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Jane">Jane</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="income">income</span> ________ <span word="on">on</span> <span word="clothing">clothing</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="year">year</span>. <span word="A">A</span>.<span word="is">is</span> <span word="spent">spent</span> <span word="B">B</span>.<span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="spent">spent</span> <span word="C">C</span>.<span word="is">is</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="spent">spent</span> <span word="D">D</span>.<span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="spent">spent</span> 【解析】句意为：简每年收入的百分之三十都花在衣服上。<span word="Jane">Jane</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="income">income</span>与<span word="spend">spend</span>之间是被动关系；注意时间状语<span word="every">every</span> <span word="year">year</span>，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。 【答案】<span word="A">A</span> 知识要点 ③<span word="If">If</span> <span word="Newton">Newton</span> <span word="lived">lived</span> <span word="today">today</span>,<span word="he">he</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="surprised">surprised</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="what">what</span> ________ <span word="in">in</span> <span word="science">science</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="technology">technology</span>. <span word="A">A</span>.<span word="had">had</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="B">B</span>.<span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="C">C</span>.<span word="has">has</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="D">D</span>.<span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> 【解析】考查时态和语态。句意为：如果牛顿今天还活着，他一定会对现在科学技术领域的新发现大吃一惊的。表示“迄今为止”的发现，应用现在完成时。又<span word="discover">discover</span>与<span word="what">what</span>之间为被动关系，故选<span word="D">D</span>。 【答案】<span word="D">D</span> 知识要点 2. <span word="by">by</span>+<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>形式 <span word="by">by</span>表示行为的主语，表示方法、手段或所用的工具，后面接动名词作宾语，构成<span word="by">by</span>+<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>的形式。表示以某种方式来实现某种目标。 例句：<span word="He">He</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="living">living</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="begging">begging</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="door">door</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="door">door</span>. 他靠挨家挨户乞讨为生。 知识要点 拓展： ①不涉及交通工具的名词时用<span word="by">by</span>，名词前不带冠词，如<span word="by">by</span> <span word="sea">sea</span>，<span word="by">by</span> <span word="water">water</span>，<span word="by">by</span> <span word="land">land</span>，<span word="by">by</span> <span word="rail">rail</span>，<span word="by">by</span> <span word="air">air</span>等。 ②涉及交通工具的名词时用<span word="by">by</span>，但名词须用单数，其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语，如<span word="by">by</span> <span word="bike">bike</span>，<span word="by">by</span> <span word="taxi">taxi</span>等。 ③<span word="by">by</span>与<span word="the">the</span>连用，表示时间或度量单位。 例如：<span word="rent">rent</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="car">car</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="day">day</span>（<span word="the">the</span> <span word="week">week</span>/<span word="the">the</span> <span word="month">month</span>） 按日（周、月）租用汽车 <span word="sell">sell</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.<span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dozen">dozen</span>（<span word="the">the</span> <span word="yard">yard</span>）成打（码）卖…… <span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="day">day</span>/<span word="hour">hour</span>...按天/小时付款给某人 知识要点 ④<span word="by">by</span> <span word="weight">weight</span>按重量计算 ⑤表示程度或数量 例如：<span word="lose">lose</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="match">match</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="goal">goal</span>以一分之差输掉了比赛 ⑥表示尺寸 例句：<span word="This">This</span> <span word="room">room</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="forty">forty</span> <span word="feet">feet</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="twenty">twenty</span>. 这个房间长40英尺，宽20英尺。 知识要点 【链接训练】 ①<span word="He">He</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="planned">planned</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="there">there</span> _______ 9:00 <span word="a">a</span>.<span word="m">m</span>., <span word="but">but</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="train">train</span> <span word="is">is</span> ________ <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="A">A</span>.<span word="on">on</span>；<span word="on">on</span> <span word="B">B</span>.<span word="by">by</span>；<span word="behind">behind</span> <span word="C">C</span>.<span word="by">by</span>；<span word="on">on</span> <span word="D">D</span>.<span word="on">on</span>；<span word="ahead">ahead</span> 【解析】<span word="by">by</span>置于具体时间前面，是“不迟于，在……之前”的意思；<span word="behind">behind</span> <span word="time">time</span>“延迟，迟到”，是固定短语。 【答案】<span word="B">B</span> 知识要点 ②<span word="Only">Only</span> <span word="by">by</span> ________ <span word="science">science</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="technology">technology</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="stronger">stronger</span>. <span word="A">A</span>.<span word="rely">rely</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="B">B</span>.<span word="relying">relying</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="C">C</span>.<span word="depend">depend</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="D">D</span>.<span word="depending">depending</span> 【解析】<span word="by">by</span>+<span word="v">v</span>.-<span word="ing">ing</span>表示“以某种方式”，故排除<span word="A">A</span>、<span word="C">C</span>项；<span word="D">D</span>项若<span word="depending">depending</span>后加上<span word="on">on</span>也正确。<span word="rely">rely</span> <span word="on">on</span>“依靠，依赖”，符合题意。 【答案】<span word="B">B</span> <span word="Thank">Thank</span> <span word="you">you</span> ! 必修4 <span word="Module">Module</span> 4</p>
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