2017高考英语常见语法复习（14）
<p> 一、主谓一致 1、就近原则 1. 由并列结构或连词（<span word="either">either</span>…<span word="or">or</span>， <span word="neither">neither</span>…<span word="nor">nor</span>，<span word="not">not</span>…<span word="but">but</span>， <span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span>…<span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span>， <span word="or">or</span>等）连接的并列主语，谓语动词与最近的那个名词或代词保持一致。 例句：<span word="Neither">Neither</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="parents">parents</span> <span word="nor">nor</span> <span word="Tom">Tom</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="home">home</span>. <span word="Tom">Tom</span>和他的父母都不在家。 <span word="Note">Note</span>：“<span word="either">either</span>…<span word="or">or</span>, <span word="neither">neither</span>…<span word="nor">nor</span>, <span word="or">or</span>”连接的两个主语若是一单一复，最好将复数词放在后面而接复数动词。 2. 在倒装句和<span word="there">there</span> <span word="be">be</span>句型中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语保持一致。 例句：<span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="pens">pens</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="desk">desk</span>. 桌子上有一本书和几支钢笔。 <span word="There">There</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bus">bus</span>. 汽车来了。 3. 在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。 例句：<span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="talking">talking</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="father">father</span>.我认识那个正在和我父亲谈话的人。 4. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。 例句：<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="Mary">Mary</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="brother">brother</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="injured">injured</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="car">car</span> <span word="accident">accident</span>. 是<span word="Mary">Mary</span>的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。 例题： 1)<span word="the">the</span> <span word="father">father</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="children">children</span> ______ <span word="skating">skating</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="frozen">frozen</span> <span word="river">river</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="Sunday">Sunday</span> <span word="afternoon">afternoon</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="winter">winter</span>.(2006辽宁) <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="going">going</span><span word="B">B</span>. <span word="go">go</span><span word="C">C</span>. <span word="goes">goes</span><span word="D">D</span>. <span word="are">are</span> <span word="going">going</span> 2)<span word="Professor">Professor</span> <span word="Smith">Smith</span>, <span word="along">along</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="assistants">assistants</span>, ______ <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="project">project</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="night">night</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="meet">meet</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="deadline">deadline</span>. (2005上海) <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="workB">workB</span>. <span word="working">working</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="are">are</span> <span word="working">working</span> 3) <span word="A">A</span> <span word="poet">poet</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="artist">artist</span> _______ <span word="coming">coming</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="speak">speak</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="literature">literature</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="painting">painting</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span> <span word="afternoon">afternoon</span>.(2006江苏) <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="are">are</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="was">was</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="were">were</span> 2、意义一致原则 1. 当主语与谓语动词之间插入<span word="along">along</span> <span word="with">with</span>，<span word="with">with</span>，<span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span>，<span word="together">together</span> <span word="with">with</span>， <span word="no">no</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="than">than</span>，<span word="besides">besides</span>，<span word="except">except</span>， <span word="but">but</span>， <span word="including">including</span>等短语时，谓语动词不受这些插入语的干扰，依然和主语保持一致。 例句：<span word="I">I</span>, <span word="along">along</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="sister">sister</span>, <span word="am">am</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Shanghai">Shanghai</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="month">month</span>. 我，还有我姐姐，打算下个月去上海。 2. 英语中有一类单、复数同型的词（<span word="people">people</span>，<span word="means">means</span>，<span word="sheep">sheep</span>，<span word="deer">deer</span>，<span word="fish">fish</span>等），其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。 例句：<span word="All">All</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="prepared">prepared</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="reformation">reformation</span>.这个国家的人都已经为大变革做好了准备。 3. 多数情况下，由“<span word="what">what</span>”引导的名词性从句作主语时，其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。 例句：<span word="What">What</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="say">say</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="just">just</span> “ <span word="Take">Take</span> <span word="care">care</span>!”.我只想说：“多保重！” 4. 当主语与<span word="all">all</span>， <span word="none">none</span>， <span word="any">any</span>，<span word="some">some</span>等不定代词、形容词连用时，应根据具体句意，来决定其后的谓语动词的单复数。 例句：<span word="All">All</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="company">company</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>.我对这家公司的了解都是昨天完他告诉我的。 5. “…+ (<span word="of">of</span>) +名词”结构描述数量时，如果“<span word="of">of</span>”后的名词为单数（不可数名词），则谓语动词用单数，如果名词为复数，则谓语动词用复数。 例句：<span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="here">here</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="clean">clean</span>.大部分的水是干净的。 80% <span word="cotton">cotton</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="sent">sent</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="America">America</span>.80%的棉花已经被送往美国。 6. 词组“<span word="a">a</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span>， <span word="a">a</span> <span word="great">great</span>/<span word="good">good</span> <span word="many">many</span>， <span word="a">a</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="of">of</span> +可数名词复数”的结构作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；如果冠词<span word="a">a</span>变为<span word="the">the</span>，则谓语动词用单数。 例句： <span word="A">A</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ancient">ancient</span> <span word="buildings">buildings</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="destroyed">destroyed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="war">war</span>.许多的古代建筑在战争中被毁。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="visitors">visitors</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="decreased">decreased</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="year">year</span>. 游客的数量今年减少了。 7. 英语的集体名词（<span word="committee">committee</span>, <span word="crowd">crowd</span>, <span word="family">family</span>, <span word="public">public</span>, <span word="group">group</span>, <span word="party">party</span>, <span word="team">team</span>, <span word="class">class</span>, <span word="club">club</span>, <span word="company">company</span>, <span word="union">union</span>等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。 例句：<span word="My">My</span> <span word="family">family</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="poor">poor</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="girl">girl</span>.当我还是一个小女孩儿的时候，我家很穷。 <span word="My">My</span> <span word="family">family</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="looking">looking</span> <span word="forward">forward</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="coming">coming</span>. 我的家人都在期待着你的到来 例题： <span word="As">As</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="see">see</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cars">cars</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="roads">roads</span>______ <span word="rising">rising</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="days">days</span>.(2006) <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="was">was</span> <span word="keeping">keeping</span><span word="B">B</span>. <span word="keep">keep</span><span word="C">C</span>. <span word="keeps">keeps</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="were">were</span> <span word="keeping">keeping</span> 二、倒装 全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1. <span word="here">here</span>, <span word="there">there</span>, <span word="now">now</span>, <span word="then">then</span>, <span word="thus">thus</span>等副词置于句首,： <span word="There">There</span> <span word="goes">goes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bell">bell</span>. 铃声渐渐消失了。 2. 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。例如： <span word="Ahead">Ahead</span> <span word="sat">sat</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="woman">woman</span>. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。例如： 1) <span word="Here">Here</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="comes">comes</span>. 他来了。 2) <span word="Away">Away</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="went">went</span>. 他们走了。 部分倒装 如果只把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前，就叫部分倒装。常见的考点有以下五种情况： 1.<span word="only">only</span>放在句首，修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，要进行部分倒装。注意当<span word="only">only</span>修饰状语从句时，主句部分倒装，被<span word="only">only</span>修饰的状语从句部分不倒装。 <span word="Only">Only</span> <span word="then">then</span> ______<span word="how">how</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="damage">damage</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="caused">caused</span>.(2006陕西，16) <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="had">had</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="realized">realized</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="she">she</span> <span word="realized">realized</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="did">did</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="realize">realize</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="she">she</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="realized">realized</span> 2.在句型“<span word="so">so</span>…<span word="that">that</span>…”和“<span word="such">such</span>…<span word="that">that</span>…”中，如果<span word="so">so</span> +<span word="adj">adj</span> 或<span word="such">such</span> +<span word="n">n</span>提前放在句首时，前半句半倒装后半句不倒装。 .______<span word="homework">homework</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rest">rest</span>.(2006福建，30) <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="So">So</span> <span word="much">much</span><span word="B">B</span>. <span word="Too">Too</span> <span word="much">much</span><span word="C">C</span>. <span word="Too">Too</span> <span word="little">little</span><span word="D">D</span>. <span word="So">So</span> <span word="little">little</span> 3.如果<span word="never">never</span>，<span word="hardly">hardly</span>，<span word="seldom">seldom</span>，<span word="scarcely">scarcely</span>，<span word="barely">barely</span>，<span word="little">little</span>，<span word="at">at</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="time">time</span>，<span word="not">not</span> <span word="once">once</span>，<span word="by">by</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="means">means</span>，<span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span>…<span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span>…，<span word="no">no</span> <span word="sooner">sooner</span>…<span word="than">than</span>…，<span word="hardly">hardly</span>…<span word="when">when</span>…，和<span word="not">not</span> <span word="until">until</span>等否定意义的副词或连词位于句首时，要部分倒装。 <span word="I">I</span>'<span word="ve">ve</span> <span word="tried">tried</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="improve">improve</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="English">English</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="means">means</span> ______<span word="with">with</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="progress">progress</span>.(2006重庆24) <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="the">the</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="satisfied">satisfied</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="satisfied">satisfied</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="the">the</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="satisfied">satisfied</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="satisfied">satisfied</span> 4.在<span word="so">so</span>，<span word="nor">nor</span>，<span word="neither">neither</span>开头的句子，表示重复前句部分内容，句子的主语与前句的主语不是同一人，但谓语的时态，形式应与前句相一致。这时要用半倒装。但当句子的主语与原句为同一人时，不倒装。 -<span word="Father">Father</span>，<span word="you">you</span> <span word="promised">promised</span>！(2005湖北，34) -<span word="Well">Well</span>，_____.<span word="But">But</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="first">first</span>. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="so">so</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="I">I</span><span word="B">B</span>. <span word="so">so</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="so">so</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="was">was</span><span word="D">D</span>. <span word="so">so</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="did">did</span> 5.在<span word="as">as</span>引导的让步状语从句中，可表语提前，若从句的表语是名词，其名词前不加任何冠词。 ______，<span word="he">he</span> <span word="talks">talks</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="favorite">favorite</span> <span word="singers">singers</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="class">class</span>.(2005重庆，27) <span word="A">A</span>.<span word="A">A</span> <span word="quiet">quiet</span> <span word="student">student</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="Quiet">Quiet</span> <span word="student">student</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="Be">Be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="quiet">quiet</span> <span word="student">student</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="Quiet">Quiet</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="student">student</span></p>
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