2017高考英语常见语法复习（9）
<p> 非谓语动词 一、结构综述 类型? 状态 一般完成进行 不定式主动<span word="To">To</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="To">To</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="doneTo">doneTo</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> 被动<span word="To">To</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="doneTo">doneTo</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="done">done</span> 现在分词及动名词主动<span word="doingHaving">doingHaving</span> <span word="done">done</span> 被动<span word="Being">Being</span> <span word="doneHaving">doneHaving</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="done">done</span> 过去分词被动<span word="Done">Done</span> 二、可在句子中充当的成分： 不定式：主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语、独立成分 动名词：主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、 分词：表语、定语、状语、补语 三、不定式、分词、动名词之间的区别 1、不定式与动名词的区别 不定式起名词、形容词、副词作用，在句子中除了动名词所起的作用外，还可以作状语。 动名词起名词作用，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、主语补足语、宾语补足语。 两者之间的差别： 1)不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致，而动名词的逻辑主语范围较大，它可以指主语，也可以是泛指。如： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="hate">hate</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="weekends">weekends</span>. (指自己干活) <span word="I">I</span> <span word="hate">hate</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="weekends">weekends</span>. (可以指自己，也可以泛指) 2)动名词多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常的行为，不定式多表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。如： <span word="Reading">Reading</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="bed">bed</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pleasure">pleasure</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="swimming">swimming</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="don">don</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="swim">swim</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pool">pool</span> <span word="today">today</span>. 3)在某些动词之后只能用动名词，而另外一些只能用不定式 4) 既可以接不定式又可接动名词，有时含义不一： <span word="remember">remember</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> 记得去做； <span word="remember">remember</span> <span word="doing">doing</span>?? 记得做过 <span word="forget">forget</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> 忘记去做；? <span word="forget">forget</span> <span word="doing">doing</span>?? 忘记做过了 <span word="regret">regret</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> 遗憾去做；? <span word="regret">regret</span> <span word="doing">doing</span>?? 后悔做过 <span word="try">try</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>? 设法去做；<span word="try">try</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> 试着做 <span word="go">go</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>?? 接着做另一件事； <span word="go">go</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> 继续做同一件事 <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> 打算做；? <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="doing">doing</span>?? 意味着做 <span word="stop">stop</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>停下来去做；? <span word="stop">stop</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> 停止做 <span word="can">can</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="help">help</span> (<span word="to">to</span>) <span word="do">do</span>? 不能帮助做；? <span word="can">can</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="doing">doing</span>? 忍不住做 5)有些动名词表示被动意义，而不定式则用其被动式表示被动意义。如： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="repaired">repaired</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="repairing">repairing</span>. 6) <span word="should">should</span>(<span word="would">would</span>)<span word="like">like</span>, <span word="love">love</span>等之后用不定式。如： <span word="I">I</span>’<span word="d">d</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thank">thank</span> <span word="you">you</span>. <span word="I">I</span>’<span word="d">d</span> <span word="love">love</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="sometime">sometime</span>. 2、现在分词与动名词的区别 <span word="I">I</span>．动名词与现在分词作表语时的比较 1)．动名词作表语说明主语的内容，回答 <span word="what">what</span>的问题；现在分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，说明主语的性质、特征等，回答<span word="how">how</span>的问题。如： <span word="One">One</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="exercises">exercises</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="swimming">swimming</span>．游泳是最好的运动项目之一。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="situation">situation</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="abroad">abroad</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="inspiring">inspiring</span>．国内外的形势都很鼓舞人心。 2)．动名词作表语，表语和主语几乎处于同等地位，可以互换位置，其句意不变；现在分词作表语，表语和主语则不能互换位置。如： <span word="Our">Our</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="serving">serving</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="people">people</span>．（＝<span word="Serving">Serving</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="work">work</span>．）我们的工作是为人民服务。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="news">news</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="disappointing">disappointing</span>．那消息令人失望。 3)．作表语的现在分词前可以用<span word="very">very</span>，<span word="quite">quite</span>，<span word="rather">rather</span>， <span word="greatly">greatly</span>等副词修饰，而动名词则不可以。如： <span word="What">What</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="encouraging">encouraging</span>．他的话很鼓舞人心。 <span word="Our">Our</span> <span word="goal">goal</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="realizing">realizing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="modernizations">modernizations</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="near">near</span> <span word="future">future</span>．我们的目标是在不久的将来实现四个现代化。 4)．现在分词与形容词一样可以和<span word="more">more</span>，<span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span>构成形容词的比较级和最高级，而动名词则不可以。如： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="story">story</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="fascinating">fascinating</span>．那个故事最迷人。 5)．作表语用的现在分词除了和<span word="be">be</span>连用以外，还可以和其它的系动词连用；而作表语的动名词则通常只能和<span word="be">be</span>连用。如： <span word="His">His</span> <span word="speech">speech</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="inspiring">inspiring</span>．他的演讲似乎很鼓舞人心。 <span word="His">His</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="newspapers">newspapers</span>．他的爱好是给报社写文章。 6)．有些用作表语的现在分词已经形容词化了。常见的有：<span word="exciting">exciting</span>，<span word="moving">moving</span>，<span word="inspiring">inspiring</span>，<span word="missing">missing</span>，<span word="interesting">interesting</span>， <span word="disappointing">disappointing</span>等。 <span word="II">II</span>．动名词与现在分词作定语时的比较 1)．动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，常可以扩展成一个定语从句。如： <span word="a">a</span> <span word="swimming">swimming</span> <span word="girl">girl</span> ＝<span word="a">a</span> <span word="girl">girl</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="swimming">swimming</span>一个在游泳的姑娘 <span word="a">a</span> <span word="swimming">swimming</span> <span word="pool">pool</span> 2)．现在分词作定语有时可以后置，而动名词则通常只能放在它所修饰的名词之前。如： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="girl">girl</span> <span word="wearing">wearing</span> <span word="glasses">glasses</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="students">students</span>．戴眼镜的那个女孩是他的一个学生。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="bought">bought</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="reading">reading</span> <span word="materials">materials</span>．我买了一些阅读材料。 3.现在分词和过去分词的用法 1)现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="moving">moving</span> <span word="film">film</span> 一部感人的电影 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="moved">moved</span> <span word="audience">audience</span> 一个被感动了的观众 <span word="An">An</span> <span word="exciting">exciting</span> <span word="game">game</span> 一场激动人心的比赛 <span word="Excited">Excited</span> <span word="players">players</span> 激动的运动员 2)在做表语或者定语的时候现在分词表示动作还没有完成而过去分词则表示动作已经完成 <span word="Boiling">Boiling</span> <span word="water">water</span> 正沸腾的水? <span word="boiled">boiled</span> <span word="water">water</span> 已煮沸的水 <span word="Developing">Developing</span> <span word="country">country</span> 发展中国家?? <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="country">country</span> 发达国家</p>
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