2017高考英语备考复习冲刺精选语法：非谓语动词
<p> 非谓语动词 非谓语动词的句法功能。 说法一 非谓语动词可以作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、补语等。 说法二 非谓语动词不能作谓语。 关于非谓语动词的功能，与其去说“能”做什么，不如说“不能”做什么。排除掉一个谓语，其余的但用不妨。 当然，有的人还搞不清楚究竟非谓语动词的三种分别是什么？因为听了那么多，从来没有总结过。 这三种就是，长着一个尾巴的-<span word="ing">ing</span>分词，-<span word="ed">ed</span>分词，和带着一顶帽子的<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>（称为不定式）。 现在的问题就是：为什么要作这三种的区别，这三种有何不同。 说来非常简单。不定式表示的是未发生或发生的动作，前者为多，后者为少。即不定式中的动词并不是表示一个已经发生或正在发生的客观事实，而是主观的想法。 、 解剖不定式 不定式：未发生或后发生的动作。 不做谓语的时候，如果一个动词并没有在事实上发生，就用不定式。 我们可以看看它的长相，也能有所启示。动词前面不是有一个没有意义的符号吗？也不能冤枉地说它就完全没有意义，只不过是比较抽象的意义而已。不妨把它当作一个时间间隔的符号吧。 这是不定式的基本概念，它在句子中的各个部位会表现出不同的意义。但这个意义却是万变不离其宗。我们分别从其做不同成分时的理解来体验一下。 不定式做主语宾语和表语的时候，相当于一个名词。动词作名词用的时候，表示一个动作。而不定式所表示的，不是指一个已发生或正发生的动作，而是一个抽象的或未发生的动作。 （1）作主语： <span word="To">To</span> <span word="finish">finish</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="ten">ten</span> <span word="minutes">minutes</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>.（未发生的动作） <span word="To">To</span> <span word="lose">lose</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="heart">heart</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="failure">failure</span>.（抽象的概念，不是指过去或现在某个动作） 动词不定式短语作主语时，常用<span word="it">it</span>作形式主语，例如上面两句可用如下形式： <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="finish">finish</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="ten">ten</span> <span word="minutes">minutes</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="failure">failure</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="lose">lose</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="heart">heart</span>. （2）作表语： <span word="Her">Her</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="clean">clean</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hall">hall</span>.（抽象概念，非指某天做了某事） （3）作宾语： 常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：<span word="want">want</span>, <span word="hope">hope</span>, <span word="wish">wish</span>, <span word="offer">offer</span>, <span word="fail">fail</span>, <span word="plan">plan</span>, <span word="learn">learn</span>, <span word="pretend">pretend</span>, <span word="refuse">refuse</span>, <span word="manage">manage</span>, <span word="help">help</span>, <span word="agree">agree</span>, <span word="promise">promise</span>, <span word="prefer">prefer</span>, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用<span word="it">it</span>作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如： <span word="Marx">Marx</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="situation">situation</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Russia">Russia</span>.（可理解为未做的事情或抽象概念） 动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="choice">choice</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="stay">stay</span> <span word="here">here</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="Sunday">Sunday</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="repair">repair</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="bike">bike</span>. 动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如： <span word="He">He</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="advice">advice</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="English">English</span>.4）作宾语补足语： 在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：<span word="want">want</span>, <span word="wish">wish</span>, <span word="ask">ask</span>, <span word="tell">tell</span>, <span word="order">order</span>, <span word="beg">beg</span>, <span word="permit">permit</span>, <span word="help">help</span>, <span word="advise">advise</span>, <span word="persuade">persuade</span>, <span word="allow">allow</span>, <span word="prepare">prepare</span>, <span word="cause">cause</span>, <span word="force">force</span>, <span word="call">call</span> <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="wait">wait</span> <span word="for">for</span>, <span word="invite">invite</span>. 此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如： <span word="With">With</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cinema">cinema</span>． 不定式做补语的时候，也同样表现出自己的个性：未发生或发生的动作。具体在动宾补结构中，指的是与前面的“动”相比，“补”语的这个动作，是发生在后面。 有些动词如<span word="make">make</span>, <span word="let">let</span>, <span word="see">see</span>, <span word="watch">watch</span>, <span word="hear">hear</span>, <span word="feel">feel</span>, <span word="have">have</span>等与不带有<span word="to">to</span>的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加<span word="to">to</span>, 如： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="saw">saw</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="cross">cross</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="road">road</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="cross">cross</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="road">road</span>. 这是对不定式的一个变通的用法，我们通常管它叫做不带“<span word="to">to</span>”的不定式。耐人寻味的是：为何要做此变通。道理其实非常简单：不定式表示后发或未发生的动作，所以<span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>这种形式中的动词所表示的动作应该在前一动词所表示的动作之后。但一些特殊的动词在跟补语时，却不可能形成这种前后关系。如上面所说的感官动词。看到一个人做某事，不可能是先看见后发生。为了解决这个问题，表示没有时间上的前后关系，就把<span word="to">to</span>去掉，表示这种时间间隔的消失。那么，为何不用<span word="ing">ing</span>分词来表示这种关系呢？其实，<span word="ing">ing</span>分词也是可以用于这种结构中的，只是表示的意思有所不同而已。请容后文再叙。 （5）作定语： 动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。既然不定式是表示未发生或后发生的动作，故常理解为“要怎样”或“应该怎样”等。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="attend">attend</span>. 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： <span word="He">He</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="house">house</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="in">in</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="child">child</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="worry">worry</span> <span word="about">about</span>. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="open">open</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="with">with</span>? 如果不定式修饰<span word="time">time</span>, <span word="place">place</span>, <span word="way">way</span>，可以省略介词： <span word="He">He</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="place">place</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="live">live</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="problem">problem</span>. <span word="Have">Have</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="anything">anything</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="send">send</span>? <span word="Have">Have</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="anything">anything</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="sent">sent</span>? <span word="We">We</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="finish">finish</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span>. （6）作状语： 所谓做状语，就是与主句之间，或者与谓语动词之间存在着某种逻辑关系。既然不定式是表示未发生或后发生的动作，主要就表现为“目的”和“结果”。这两者正是在“未发生或后发生”这一点上统一起来的。 表目的： <span word="He">He</span> <span word="worked">worked</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="night">night</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="money">money</span>. <span word="She">She</span> <span word="sold">sold</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="hair">hair</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="watch">watch</span> <span word="chain">chain</span>. 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： <span word="wrong">wrong</span>：<span word="To">To</span> <span word="save">save</span> <span word="money">money</span>, <span word="every">every</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="tried">tried</span>. <span word="right">right</span>：<span word="To">To</span> <span word="save">save</span> <span word="money">money</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="tried">tried</span> <span word="every">every</span> <span word="means">means</span>. <span word="wrong">wrong</span>：<span word="To">To</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="well">well</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="dictionary">dictionary</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="needed">needed</span>. <span word="right">right</span>：<span word="To">To</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="well">well</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="dictionary">dictionary</span>. 表结果： <span word="He">He</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="train">train</span> <span word="gone">gone</span>. 常用<span word="only">only</span>放在不定式前表示强调： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="visited">visited</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="out">out</span>. 另外一个比较少见，但能够帮助我们理解不定式本质的是，它还可以表示条件关系，即理解为“如果”，“只要”等。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="satisfied">satisfied</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="pass">pass</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exam">exam</span>. 能通过考试我就满足了。 这一点是最容易被忽视，一方面用得比较少，另一方面也是因为很难理解和接受。其实从不定式的本质特点即表示“未发或后发动作”的角度看，就迎刃而解了。作为假设的条件，自然是并没有发生的事情。 不定式：形式 <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>只是不定式的一个含糊的概括，其并非只此一种。除了这种一般式，还有进行和完成体。 由于需要表达的意思的多样性，使得三大非谓语动词并不能全部完成其这些功能。所以会有一些补充的形式来表达一些特殊的情况。就不定式而言，就是其进行体和完成体。下面分别有概括和解释。 不定式的形式：（以动词<span word="write">write</span>为例） 否定式：<span word="not">not</span> + (<span word="to">to</span>) <span word="do">do</span> （1） 一般式：不定式的一般式未发生或后发生的动作。 例如： <span word="I">I</span>'<span word="m">m</span> <span word="glad">glad</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="meet">meet</span> <span word="you">you</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span>. <span word="We">We</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="visit">visit</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="wants">wants</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="artist">artist</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="patient">patient</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="operated">operated</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="once">once</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="ordered">ordered</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="done">done</span>. （2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="boy">boy</span> <span word="pretended">pretended</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="reading">reading</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="room">room</span>. （3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="regretted">regretted</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lie">lie</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="happened">happened</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="film">film</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="pleased">pleased</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="met">met</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="friend">friend</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="appears">appears</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="caught">caught</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="cold">cold</span>. 、总结 非谓语动词的本质就是不做谓语，其存在的意义有于使得英语句子的谓语变得十分容易辨认。 非谓语动词在形式上与谓语动词分开，使在英语中找到谓语动词只需要眼睛而无须用脑。 非谓语动词关键在于形式上与谓语动词的分别，因此动名词的说法没有实际的用途，学习者可以让这个概念从脑海中消失。 不定式与分词之别，在于它表示的是未发生的或发生的动作，在做各种成分时，分别表示出其不同意思，但都围绕着这个核心概念而不偏离。 不定式有进行体与完成体补充表示进行与过去的动作，用于一些特殊的目的。非谓语动词（二） 一、分词的各种形式：究竟什么样的是现在分词？ 现在分词有下面几种形式： 一般式<span word="doing">doing</span> 被动式<span word="being">being</span> <span word="done">done</span> 完成式<span word="having">having</span> <span word="done">done</span> 被动语态完成式<span word="having">having</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="done">done</span> 特别提示： 1，现在分词形式多多，不一而足；过去分词形单影只。 2，所谓分词，不一定是一个词，而可能是词的变体所形成的几个词所组合成的一个整体。如“<span word="being">being</span> <span word="done">done</span>”, “<span word="having">having</span> <span word="done">done</span>”, “<span word="having">having</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="done">done</span>”。 3，组合型分词的情况下，判断原则极其简单：看第一个就行。如上面所举的三者，都是第一个动词发生变异，带着一个<span word="ing">ing</span>的尾巴——<span word="being">being</span>, <span word="having">having</span>. 二、分词的句法功能：在句子中都能做什么成分 分词属于非谓语动词，从其本质出发，不宜讲能句做什么，而是要说“不能做什么”。非谓语动词，顾名思义，就是不能做谓语。反过来说，除了谓语，什么都可以做。 只有一个例外：过去分词不具有名词性，因而不能充当非要名词才能充当的角色，也就是主语和宾语。 三、分词用法解剖：表示一个什么样的动作 1、现在分词一般体（<span word="doing">doing</span>）核心意义：主动的动作 所谓的主动和被动，不是动作本身的概念，而是事物与动作之间的一种内在的关系。如<span word="eat">eat</span>这个动作本身，无所谓主被动，而只有说<span word="We">We</span> <span word="eat">eat</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="live">live</span>时，才能说<span word="we">we</span>和<span word="eat">eat</span>是一种主动关系。 那么，现在分词的“主动”，究竟是谁与谁的关系呢？回答是不可一概而论。其在句中作不同的成分时，主体也不相同。我们分开来看。 1） 作主语：与句子紧密相关的名词形成主动关系或者是泛指主语 <span word="Collecting">Collecting</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="children">children</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="health">health</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="job">job</span>. 收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。（此处<span word="collect">collect</span>与<span word="his">his</span> <span word="job">job</span>中所暗含的<span word="he">he</span>形成主动关系，与另外的名词<span word="children">children</span>和<span word="job">job</span>都无直接的逻辑关系。） <span word="Collecting">Collecting</span> <span word="stamps">stamps</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="hobby">hobby</span>. （此处为泛指主语，<span word="people">people</span>/<span word="we">we</span>之类皆可与之形成主动关系。） <span word="Reading">Reading</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="learning">learning</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="using">using</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="learning">learning</span>. <span word="Seeing">Seeing</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="believing">believing</span>. <span word="It">It</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="interesting">interesting</span> <span word="planning">planning</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="holiday">holiday</span>. 动名词复合结构作主语时，逻辑主语不论是名词还是代词，常用属格，如： <span word="Her">Her</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="won">won</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="harm">harm</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="Mary">Mary</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="pretending">pretending</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rules">rules</span>.2）作表语：与主语之间是主动关系。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="story">story</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="interesting">interesting</span>. （<span word="this">this</span> <span word="story">story</span>与<span word="interest">interest</span>之间的内在的关系是主动的，也就是我们可以说<span word="this">this</span> <span word="story">story</span> <span word="interests">interests</span> <span word="people">people</span>, 因而用现在分词形式。注意要理解这一点，需要明白<span word="interest">interest</span>这个动词的意思是“使……感兴趣”，而非“兴趣”。） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="journey">journey</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="boring">boring</span>.（内在关系为<span word="the">the</span> <span word="journey">journey</span> <span word="bores">bores</span> <span word="people">people</span>.） 3）宾语：与主语形成主动关系 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="can">can</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="missing">missing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="train">train</span>. （<span word="I">I</span> <span word="miss">miss</span>） <span word="I">I</span> <span word="don">don</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="mind">mind</span> <span word="buying">buying</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="one">one</span>. (<span word="I">I</span> <span word="buy">buy</span>) 作宾语的时候有一个非常有意思的问题。那就是：哪些动词后面跟不定式，哪些跟现在分词。哪些两个都能跟，但是意思不同。 我们先看传统的讲法。 1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语： <span word="want">want</span>, <span word="wish">wish</span>, <span word="hope">hope</span>, <span word="expect">expect</span>, <span word="ask">ask</span>, <span word="pretend">pretend</span>, <span word="care">care</span>, <span word="decide">decide</span>, <span word="happen">happen</span>, <span word="long">long</span>, <span word="offer">offer</span>, <span word="refuse">refuse</span>, <span word="fail">fail</span>, <span word="plan">plan</span>, <span word="prepare">prepare</span>, <span word="order">order</span>, <span word="cause">cause</span>, <span word="afford">afford</span>, <span word="beg">beg</span>, <span word="manage">manage</span>, <span word="agree">agree</span>, <span word="promise">promise</span>等。 2、只接动名词作宾语的动词有：<span word="be">be</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span>, <span word="consider">consider</span>, <span word="delay">delay</span>,. <span word="dislike">dislike</span>, <span word="enjoy">enjoy</span>, <span word="escape">escape</span>, <span word="excuse">excuse</span>, <span word="feel">feel</span> <span word="like">like</span>, <span word="finish">finish</span>, <span word="give">give</span> <span word="up">up</span>, <span word="cannot">cannot</span> <span word="help">help</span>, <span word="imagine">imagine</span>, <span word="keep">keep</span> (<span word="on">on</span>), <span word="look">look</span> <span word="forward">forward</span> <span word="to">to</span>, <span word="mind">mind</span>, <span word="miss">miss</span>, <span word="practise">practise</span>, <span word="put">put</span> <span word="off">off</span>, <span word="resist">resist</span>, <span word="pardon">pardon</span>, <span word="risk">risk</span>, <span word="suggest">suggest</span>, <span word="permit">permit</span>, <span word="allow">allow</span>, <span word="forbid">forbid</span>, <span word="advise">advise</span>, <span word="set">set</span> <span word="about">about</span>等。 3、接动名词和不定式作宾语都可以的动词有： 1) 动名词和不定式意义基本一致的动词：<span word="like">like</span>, <span word="love">love</span>, <span word="hate">hate</span>, <span word="begin">begin</span>, <span word="start">start</span>, <span word="continue">continue</span>, <span word="prefer">prefer</span>, <span word="need">need</span>, <span word="want">want</span>, <span word="deserve">deserve</span>等； <span word="Jack">Jack</span> <span word="loves">loves</span> <span word="listening">listening</span> / <span word="to">to</span> <span word="listen">listen</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="pop">pop</span> <span word="music">music</span>. <span word="My">My</span> <span word="hair">hair</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="cutting">cutting</span>.= <span word="My">My</span> <span word="hair">hair</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="cut">cut</span>. 2) 动名词和不定式意义有些差别的动词：<span word="remember">remember</span>, <span word="forget">forget</span>, <span word="try">try</span>, <span word="help">help</span>,<span word="mean">mean</span>, <span word="stop">stop</span>, <span word="go">go</span> <span word="on">on</span>等。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="remember">remember</span> <span word="posting">posting</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="letter">letter</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="remember">remember</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="post">post</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="letter">letter</span>. <span word="I">I</span>’<span word="ve">ve</span> <span word="quite">quite</span> <span word="forgotten">forgotten</span> <span word="putting">putting</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="there">there</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="forgot">forgot</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="there">there</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="tried">tried</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="write">write</span> <span word="better">better</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="tried">tried</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="brush">brush</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="couldn">couldn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="finishing">finishing</span> <span word="reading">reading</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span>. <span word="I">I</span>’<span word="m">m</span> <span word="sorry">sorry</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="can">can</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="finish">finish</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="job">job</span>. <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="post">post</span> <span word="it">it</span>? <span word="If">If</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="waiting">waiting</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="stopped">stopped</span> <span word="talking">talking</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="stopped">stopped</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="talk">talk</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="pointing">pointing</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="mistakes">mistakes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="paper">paper</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="mistakes">mistakes</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="paper">paper</span>. 以这样的方式讲述，分辩动词后面的宾语形式成了一个对记忆力的测试。通常最后的结果只有两个：一是记不住这么多；二是确实记住了，但最后还是用不上。 如果我们回顾一下前一回与这一回的内容，确实用不定式还是用现在分词只在一念之间：不定式表示的后发生或未发生的通常是主观性的动作，而现在分词则不然，是已发生或正在发生的事实行为。 这样我们再来观察上面所总结的跟不定式的动词：<span word="want">want</span>（想）, <span word="hope">hope</span>（希望）, <span word="wish">wish</span>（希望）, <span word="expect">expect</span>（期望）等等，不都是主观性的动词吗，或者如<span word="ask">ask</span>(要求)必然意味着后面是未发生或后发生的动作吗？ 再看<span word="forget">forget</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>, <span word="forget">forget</span> <span word="doing">doing</span>, 一个是忘记之前的动作一个是忘记要做一个动作。何者为何，用得着记忆吗？ 再来任何一个动词，其宾语如何，完全用不着见过，知道意思就行。 3）作定语：与被修饰的名词关系为主动 现在分词所表示的动作与被修饰的名词形成主动关系。 其实，非谓语动词在作定语时在效果上相当于一个定语从句。现在分词也不例外。用另外一种方式来表达就是：一个非谓语动词短语都可以还原成为一个等价的定语从句。而现在分词所还原成的从句，其主语是被修饰的名词，而主谓之间是主动的。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="obviously">obviously</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="hurry">hurry</span>。（被修饰的名词<span word="the">the</span> <span word="man">man</span>与动词<span word="follow">follow</span>之间形成主动关系，即<span word="the">the</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="follow">follow</span>, 故用的现在分词。相当于从句：<span word="who">who</span> <span word="followed">followed</span>, 注意从句中的<span word="followed">followed</span>是谓语动词，为过去式，不是过去分词。） <span word="They">They</span> <span word="acted">acted</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="conquering">conquering</span> <span word="army">army</span>。（内在关系：<span word="army">army</span> <span word="conquer">conquer</span>， 相当于定语从句：<span word="that">that</span> <span word="conquered">conquered</span>） <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="standing">standing</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="motor">motor</span> <span word="car">car</span>?（内在关系：<span word="the">the</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="stand">stand</span>, 相当于定语从句<span word="who">who</span> <span word="stand">stand</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="motor">motor</span> <span word="car">car</span>.） <span word="Last">Last</span> <span word="night">night</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="caught">caught</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="thief">thief</span> <span word="stealing">stealing</span> <span word="John">John</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="bike">bike</span>.（内在关系： <span word="a">a</span> <span word="thief">thief</span> <span word="steal">steal</span>,相当于定语从句<span word="who">who</span> <span word="stole">stole</span> <span word="John">John</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="bike">bike</span>.） <span word="The">The</span> <span word="name">name</span> <span word="Nebraske">Nebraske</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Oto">Oto</span> <span word="Indian">Indian</span> <span word="word">word</span> “<span word="ebrathka">ebrathka</span>”.<span word="meaning">meaning</span> <span word="flat">flat</span> <span word="water">water</span>.（<span word="the">the</span> <span word="word">word</span> “<span word="ebrathka">ebrathka</span>” <span word="mean">mean</span>, 相当于定语从句<span word="which">which</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="flat">flat</span> <span word="water">water</span>.） 4）作宾语补足语: 动词与宾语这间形成主动关系 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="noticed">noticed</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="slipping">slipping</span> <span word="away">away</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span>.（宾语<span word="him">him</span>与<span word="slip">slip</span>为主动关系：<span word="he">he</span> <span word="slip">slip</span>） <span word="I">I</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="smell">smell</span> <span word="turkey">turkey</span> <span word="roasting">roasting</span>,<span word="and">and</span> <span word="it">it</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="hungry">hungry</span>.(<span word="turkey">turkey</span> <span word="roast">roast</span>) <span word="What">What</span> <span word="A">A</span> <span word="saw">saw</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="thinking">thinking</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="shildhood">shildhood</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="countryside">countryside</span>.(<span word="I">I</span> <span word="think">think</span>) <span word="Please">Please</span> <span word="don">don</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="machine">machine</span> <span word="running">running</span> <span word="while">while</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="away">away</span>.(<span word="machine">machine</span> <span word="run">run</span>) 5）作状语: 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系 如上所述，现在分词作定语，相当于一个定语从句，可还原为一个等价的定语从句，从句中的谓语动词与被修饰的名词形成主动关系。状语也与之相类：现在分词作状语相当于一个状语从句，可以还原成一个状语从句，状语从句的主语是句子的主语，与动作是主动关系。 <span word="Rushing">Rushing</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="room">room</span>,<span word="be">be</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="knocked">knocked</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="car">car</span>.（句子主语<span word="he">he</span>与动词<span word="rush">rush</span>之间为主动关系，<span word="he">he</span> <span word="run">run</span>, 故用现在分词，相当于<span word="When">When</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="rushed">rushed</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="room">room</span>,<span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="hnocked">hnocked</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="car">car</span>.） <span word="Working">Working</span> <span word="harder">harder</span>,<span word="you">you</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="pass">pass</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="entrance">entrance</span> <span word="exam">exam</span>.（<span word="you">you</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>, 相当于<span word="If">If</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="harder">harder</span>,<span word="you">you</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="pass">pass</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="entrance">entrance</span> <span word="exam">exam</span>.） <span word="Having">Having</span> <span word="won">won</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="championship">championship</span>,<span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="awarded">awarded</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="million">million</span> <span word="dollars">dollars</span>.（<span word="he">he</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="won">won</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="championship">championship</span>, 相当于<span word="Because">Because</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="won">won</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="championship">championship</span>,<span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="awarded">awarded</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="million">million</span> <span word="dollars">dollars</span>.） <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="taxi">taxi</span>,<span word="I">I</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span>.（<span word="I">I</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="taxi">taxi</span>, 相当于状语从句<span word="even">even</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="taxi">taxi</span>.） 特别提示：也有例外的情况：现在分词的逻辑主语是前面整个句子所述的内容。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="road">road</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="construction">construction</span>, <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="causing">causing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="delay">delay</span>.（<span word="The">The</span> <span word="road">road</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="construction">construction</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="caused">caused</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="delay">delay</span>. ） 2、分词的完成式及被动式 过去分词形式单一，故完成式及被动式为现在分词独家享有。 简而言之，完成与被动式分别补充完成一种特定的含义。具体地说，完成体强调动作之先后。被动式表示“名词性的的被动”或“被动的进行”。 1）完成体：强调动作发生在先 若经强调一个动作先于另一个动作（通常是句子谓语），用的完成体“(<span word="not">not</span>)<span word="having">having</span>+过去分词”。例如： <span word="Having">Having</span> <span word="heard">heard</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="father">father</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="relieved">relieved</span>. <span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="having">having</span> <span word="received">received</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="letter">letter</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="family">family</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="worried">worried</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="method">method</span>, <span word="having">having</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="abroad">abroad</span>, <span word="can">can</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="efficiency">efficiency</span>. 特别提示：并非动作有先后就用完成体，而是说要“强调”这一点，才启用完成体。因为有时不用说明，这个时间前后关系也是明确的，比如说现在分词短语放在句首。或者从意思上能够看出来。若不需要特别强调，用一般式即可。 <span word="Getting">Getting</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="at">at</span> 9 <span word="o">o</span>’<span word="clock">clock</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="school">school</span>. (<span word="get">get</span> <span word="up">up</span>显然在迟到之先，强调时间前后无意义，用一般式即可。) 2）被动式：名词性的被动和进行的被动 回首前尘往事：两大分词之分式就在于主动与被动。为何要用一个现在分词的形式来表示被动呢，岂不是会抢过去分词的饭碗？ 真相：现在分词的被动式只用在某些过去分词无能为力的地方，完全是友情援助。 名词性的被动 前面已述：过去分词有一个重大的功能障碍，那就是不能充当名词，因此当又要表被动，又要作名词性的成分如主语宾语的时候，就只有由现在分词出马了。 <span word="Upon">Upon</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="questioned">questioned</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="denied">denied</span> <span word="having">having</span> <span word="robbed">robbed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bank">bank</span>.（介词宾语，不能说<span word="upon">upon</span> <span word="questioned">questioned</span>） <span word="Being">Being</span> <span word="criticized">criticized</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="hardly">hardly</span> <span word="acceptable">acceptable</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="him">him</span>. (句子主语，不能说<span word="criticized">criticized</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="something">something</span>…) 进行中的被动 即表“正被……”时，用现在分词的被动式。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="topic">topic</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="discussed">discussed</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="participles">participles</span>.(正被讨论的话题是分词。) 四、总结 现在分词有几种形式，不一定是一个单词。 现在分词在句子中可充当谓语之外的任何成分。 普通的现在分词表示的是主动的动作，与谁形成主动关系，根据其在句子中所作成分不同而不同。 现在分词还有完成和被动体，分别补充表示一些特定的功能。</p>
页:
[1]