高三英语人教版总复习之语法专项突破课件：语法专项十六 构词法
<p> 必备知识梳理 1．复合名词的主要构成方式 名词＋名词 <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="test">test</span> 验血；<span word="half">half</span><span word="moon">moon</span> 半月(形)；<span word="silkworm">silkworm</span> 蚕；<span word="classroom">classroom</span> 教室；<span word="airport">airport</span> 飞机场 形容词＋名词 <span word="double">double</span><span word="dealer">dealer</span>两面派；<span word="shorthand">shorthand</span>速记；<span word="greenhouse">greenhouse</span>温室 <span word="v">v</span>.<span word="ing">ing</span>＋名词 <span word="reading">reading</span> <span word="room">room</span>阅览室；<span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="room">room</span>会议室；<span word="swimming">swimming</span> <span word="pool">pool</span>游泳池 动词＋名词 <span word="breakwater">breakwater</span>防波堤；<span word="pickpocket">pickpocket</span>扒手 名词＋<span word="v">v</span>.<span word="ing">ing</span> <span word="handwriting">handwriting</span>笔迹；<span word="sunbathing">sunbathing</span>日光浴 动词＋副词 <span word="get">get</span><span word="together">together</span>联欢会；<span word="breakthrough">breakthrough</span>突破 副词＋动词 <span word="downfall">downfall</span>垮台；<span word="outbreak">outbreak</span>爆发 2.复合形容词的主要构成方式 形容词＋名词＋<span word="ed">ed</span> <span word="cold">cold</span><span word="blooded">blooded</span>冷血的；<span word="kind">kind</span><span word="hearted">hearted</span>心肠好的 形容词＋名词 <span word="high">high</span><span word="class">class</span>高级的 形容词＋<span word="v">v</span>.<span word="ing">ing</span> <span word="good">good</span><span word="looking">looking</span>好看的；<span word="easy">easy</span><span word="going">going</span>随和的；<span word="fine">fine</span><span word="sounding">sounding</span>动听的 形容词＋过去分词 <span word="newborn">newborn</span>新生的；<span word="readymade">readymade</span>现成的 形容词＋形容词 <span word="dark">dark</span><span word="blue">blue</span>深蓝色的；<span word="light">light</span><span word="green">green</span>浅绿色 名词＋<span word="v">v</span>.<span word="ing">ing</span> <span word="life">life</span><span word="saving">saving</span>救生的；<span word="ocean">ocean</span><span word="going">going</span>远洋的 名词＋过去分词 <span word="handmade">handmade</span>手工制作的；<span word="ice">ice</span><span word="covered">covered</span>冰雪覆盖的 名词＋形容词 <span word="nationwide">nationwide</span>全国性的；<span word="ice">ice</span><span word="cold">cold</span>冰冷的 数词＋名词＋<span word="ed">ed</span> <span word="one">one</span><span word="eyed">eyed</span>独眼的；<span word="two">two</span><span word="faced">faced</span>双面的 数词＋名词＋形容词 <span word="five">five</span><span word="year">year</span><span word="old">old</span>五周岁的；<span word="two">two</span><span word="metre">metre</span><span word="tall">tall</span>两米高的 3.复合动词的主要构成方式 名词＋动词 <span word="sleepwalk">sleepwalk</span>梦游 副词＋动词 <span word="overcome">overcome</span>克服；<span word="undergo">undergo</span>经历；<span word="overthrow">overthrow</span>推翻；<span word="understand">understand</span>明白 形容词＋动词 <span word="white">white</span><span word="wash">wash</span>粉刷；<span word="blacklist">blacklist</span>列入黑名单 4．复合代词的主要构成方式 代词宾格或物主代词＋<span word="self">self</span>(<span word="selves">selves</span>) <span word="ourselves">ourselves</span>我们自己；<span word="herself">herself</span>她自己；<span word="themselves">themselves</span>他们自己 某些不定代词<span word="some">some</span>(<span word="any">any</span>, <span word="no">no</span>， <span word="every">every</span>)＋<span word="body">body</span>(<span word="one">one</span>, <span word="thing">thing</span>) <span word="everyone">everyone</span>; <span word="everybody">everybody</span>; <span word="everything">everything</span>; <span word="anyone">anyone</span>; <span word="anybody">anybody</span>; <span word="anything">anything</span>; <span word="nothing">nothing</span>; <span word="something">something</span> 二、转化法 转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。现就常见的转化法分类列举并归纳如下： 名词转化为动词 <span word="face">face</span>脸—<span word="face">face</span>面对 <span word="hand">hand</span>手—<span word="hand">hand</span>传递 <span word="nurse">nurse</span>护士—<span word="nurse">nurse</span>护理 形容词转化为动词 <span word="dirty">dirty</span>脏的—<span word="dirty">dirty</span>弄脏 <span word="narrow">narrow</span>窄的—<span word="narrow">narrow</span>变窄 <span word="clean">clean</span>干净的—<span word="clean">clean</span>打扫 动词转化为名词 <span word="find">find</span>发现—<span word="find">find</span>发现物 <span word="divide">divide</span>划分—<span word="divide">divide</span>分界处 <span word="waste">waste</span>浪费—<span word="waste">waste</span>废物 形容词转化为名词 <span word="daily">daily</span>每日的—<span word="daily">daily</span>日报 <span word="weekly">weekly</span>每周的—<span word="weekly">weekly</span>周刊 形容词转化为副词 <span word="deep">deep</span>深的—<span word="deep">deep</span>深深地 <span word="sure">sure</span>确信的—<span word="sure">sure</span>的确 三、派生法 派生法是英语主要的构词法。此方法是借助于前缀或后缀，制造出派生词，主要有名词、形容词和动词三种。 1．前缀构词法 前缀是加在一个词根前面的音节，它并不是独立的单词，但本身有一定的含义，它不改变词性，但改变原词义。 常见前缀： 前缀 例词 <span word="dis">dis</span>(不，否定) <span word="dissatisfy">dissatisfy</span>使不满意；<span word="dishonest">dishonest</span>不诚实 <span word="un">un</span>(不) <span word="unable">unable</span>不能够；<span word="unlucky">unlucky</span>不幸的 <span word="un">un</span>(做相反动作) <span word="undress">undress</span>脱衣服；<span word="unload">unload</span>卸货 <span word="in">in</span>(不，非) <span word="inactive">inactive</span>不活跃的；<span word="incorrect">incorrect</span>不正确的 <span word="im">im</span>(不，非) <span word="impolite">impolite</span>没有礼貌的；<span word="impossible">impossible</span>不可能的 <span word="ir">ir</span>(不，非) <span word="irregular">irregular</span>不规则的；<span word="irresponsible">irresponsible</span>不负责任的 <span word="il">il</span>(不，非) <span word="illogical">illogical</span>不合逻辑的；<span word="illegal">illegal</span>非法的 前缀 例词 <span word="non">non</span>(不，非) <span word="non">non</span><span word="existent">existent</span>不存在的； <span word="non">non</span><span word="stop">stop</span>直达的 <span word="mis">mis</span>(错误的；坏的) <span word="misunderstand">misunderstand</span>误解；<span word="misfortune">misfortune</span>厄运 <span word="re">re</span>(重复，再) <span word="rewrite">rewrite</span>重写；<span word="remarry">remarry</span>再婚 <span word="en">en</span>(使可能) <span word="enrich">enrich</span>丰富；<span word="enable">enable</span>使能够 <span word="ex">ex</span>(以前的，前任的) <span word="ex">ex</span><span word="president">president</span>前任主席/总统；<span word="ex">ex</span><span word="wife">wife</span>前妻 <span word="super">super</span>(在……上面；超级) <span word="supermarket">supermarket</span>超市；<span word="supermodel">supermodel</span>超级名模 <span word="under">under</span>(在……之下) <span word="underestimate">underestimate</span>低估；<span word="underground">underground</span>地下的 前缀 例词 <span word="sub">sub</span>(在……下；次于；低于) <span word="subway">subway</span>地(下)道；地铁；<span word="submarine">submarine</span>潜水艇 <span word="inter">inter</span>(相互之间) <span word="international">international</span>国际的；<span word="interact">interact</span>相互作用 <span word="semi">semi</span>(半) <span word="semi">semi</span><span word="final">final</span>半决赛；<span word="semicircle">semicircle</span>半圆 <span word="multi">multi</span>(多，多种) <span word="multi">multi</span><span word="national">national</span>跨国的；<span word="multicoloured">multicoloured</span>多种颜色的 <span word="kilo">kilo</span>(千) <span word="kilometre">kilometre</span>千米，公里；<span word="kilogram">kilogram</span>千克 <span word="centi">centi</span>(一百；百分之一) <span word="centimetre">centimetre</span>厘米；<span word="centigram">centigram</span>厘克 <span word="milli">milli</span>(毫；千分之一) <span word="millimetre">millimetre</span>毫米；<span word="milligram">milligram</span>毫克 前缀 例词 <span word="tele">tele</span>(远) <span word="telephone">telephone</span>电话；<span word="television">television</span>电视 <span word="a">a</span>(在……上/里；向……) <span word="aboard">aboard</span>在船/火车/飞机上；<span word="ahead">ahead</span>在前面；<span word="aside">aside</span>在旁边；<span word="abroad">abroad</span>在国外 <span word="auto">auto</span>(自己的，独自的) <span word="automobile">automobile</span>机动车，汽车；<span word="autobiography">autobiography</span>自传 <span word="over">over</span>(太，完全，过度，多……) <span word="overfull">overfull</span>太满的，过多的；<span word="overstudy">overstudy</span>用功过度 <span word="extra">extra</span>(额外，以外，特殊) <span word="extraordinary">extraordinary</span>非凡的；<span word="extramarital">extramarital</span>婚外的 <span word="pre">pre</span>(预先，在……之前) <span word="predict">predict</span>预告；<span word="preview">preview</span>预习 2.后缀构词法 后缀是加在一个单词后面的音节，它本身一般也有一定含义，能够改变单词的词性，有的也可以改变词义。 (1)名词后缀 后缀 例词 <span word="age">age</span>(状态；集合) <span word="shortage">shortage</span>缺少；<span word="marriage">marriage</span>婚姻 <span word="an">an</span>/<span word="ian">ian</span>(人，……家) <span word="American">American</span>美国人；<span word="Italian">Italian</span>意大利人；<span word="musician">musician</span>音乐家 <span word="ence">ence</span>/<span word="ency">ency</span>(构成抽象名词) <span word="dependence">dependence</span>依靠；<span word="frequency">frequency</span>频率 <span word="ance">ance</span>(性质，状态) <span word="importance">importance</span>重要性；<span word="significance">significance</span>意义 后缀 例词 <span word="ant">ant</span>/<span word="ent">ent</span>(人) <span word="assistant">assistant</span>助手；<span word="student">student</span>学生 <span word="cion">cion</span>/<span word="sion">sion</span>/<span word="tion">tion</span>/<span word="ation">ation</span>(动作，状态) <span word="suspicion">suspicion</span>怀疑；<span word="tension">tension</span>紧张；<span word="repetition">repetition</span>重复；<span word="preparation">preparation</span>准备 <span word="ee">ee</span>(动作承受者或受影响者) <span word="employee">employee</span>受雇者；<span word="refugee">refugee</span>难民 <span word="er">er</span>/<span word="or">or</span>(人或物) <span word="writer">writer</span>作家；<span word="actor">actor</span>演员；<span word="cooker">cooker</span>炊具；<span word="tractor">tractor</span>拖拉机 <span word="ess">ess</span>(女性) <span word="actress">actress</span>女演员；<span word="waitress">waitress</span>女服务员；<span word="hostess">hostess</span>女主人 <span word="ism">ism</span>(主义，……教) <span word="communism">communism</span>共产主义；<span word="socialism">socialism</span>社会主义；<span word="Buddhism">Buddhism</span>佛教 后缀 例词 <span word="ist">ist</span>(主义者，……家) <span word="communist">communist</span>共产主义者；<span word="dentist">dentist</span>牙科专家；<span word="physicist">physicist</span>物理学家 <span word="ment">ment</span>(行为；结果；状态；性质) <span word="argument">argument</span>争论；<span word="government">government</span>政府；<span word="development">development</span>发展 <span word="ship">ship</span>(关系，身份) <span word="friendship">friendship</span>友谊；<span word="citizenship">citizenship</span>公民身份 <span word="hood">hood</span>(身份；性质；时代) <span word="childhood">childhood</span>童年；<span word="neighbourhood">neighbourhood</span>街区；<span word="knighthood">knighthood</span>骑士身份 <span word="ty">ty</span>(状态；性质) <span word="plenty">plenty</span>大量；<span word="difficulty">difficulty</span>困难；<span word="anxiety">anxiety</span>焦虑 <span word="ure">ure</span>(结果；行为；状态；实物) <span word="pressure">pressure</span>压力；<span word="picture">picture</span>图画；<span word="pleasure">pleasure</span>高兴 <span word="al">al</span>(动作过程；结果) <span word="arrival">arrival</span>到达；<span word="approval">approval</span>同意 (2)形容词后缀 后缀 例词 <span word="able">able</span>/<span word="ible">ible</span>/<span word="ble">ble</span> <span word="unbelievable">unbelievable</span>不可信的；<span word="tolerable">tolerable</span>可忍受的；<span word="responsible">responsible</span>负责的 <span word="al">al</span> <span word="national">national</span>国家的；<span word="continental">continental</span>大陆的 <span word="ed">ed</span> <span word="learned">learned</span>有学识的； <span word="talented">talented</span>有才华的 <span word="en">en</span> <span word="golden">golden</span>金色的； <span word="woolen">woolen</span>毛(织)的；<span word="wooden">wooden</span>木制的 <span word="ful">ful</span> <span word="beautiful">beautiful</span>美丽的；<span word="useful">useful</span>有用的；<span word="colourful">colourful</span>多彩的 <span word="ic">ic</span>/<span word="ical">ical</span> <span word="economic">economic</span>经济的；<span word="political">political</span>政治的；<span word="electronic">electronic</span>电子的 <span word="ish">ish</span> <span word="childish">childish</span>幼稚的； <span word="selfish">selfish</span>自私的 后缀 例词 <span word="ive">ive</span> <span word="active">active</span>积极的；<span word="productive">productive</span>有生产力的；<span word="creative">creative</span>有创造力的 <span word="less">less</span> <span word="useless">useless</span>无用的；<span word="careless">careless</span>粗心的；<span word="meaningless">meaningless</span>无意义的 <span word="ly">ly</span> <span word="friendly">friendly</span>友好的；<span word="deadly">deadly</span>致命的；<span word="weekly">weekly</span>每星期的 <span word="ous">ous</span>/<span word="ious">ious</span> <span word="dangerous">dangerous</span>危险的；<span word="glorious">glorious</span>光荣的；<span word="famous">famous</span>著名的 <span word="ward">ward</span> <span word="downward">downward</span>向下的；<span word="backward">backward</span>向后的 <span word="y">y</span> <span word="rainy">rainy</span>多雨的；<span word="noisy">noisy</span>吵闹的；<span word="snowy">snowy</span>下雪的 (3)动词后缀</p>
页:
[1]