2017届英语科5年高考3年模拟[浙江专版] 专题19 阅读理解之词义猜测题
<p> 2017届英语科5年高考3年模拟[浙江专版]</p><p> 专题1【备考策略】</p><p> 在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。 这种题常见的提问方式有： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="word">word</span> “…” <span word="in">in</span> <span word="paragraph">paragraph</span> … <span word="can">can</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="replaced">replaced</span> <span word="by">by</span> … …. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="underlined">underlined</span> <span word="word">word</span> “…” <span word="most">most</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="means">means</span> …. <span word="By">By</span> <span word="saying">saying</span> “…”, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="author">author</span> <span word="means">means</span> … <span word="The">The</span> <span word="expression">expression</span> “…” <span word="is">is</span> <span word="closest">closest</span> <span word="to">to</span> … <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="passage">passage</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="phrase">phrase</span> “…” <span word="suggests">suggests</span> … <span word="The">The</span> <span word="underlined">underlined</span> <span word="part">part</span> “… …” (<span word="in">in</span> <span word="Para">Para</span>. … )<span word="means">means</span> ….. 做这种类型的题，要根据词、词组、句子所在的语境来判断其意义。因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，我们要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境想当然。 猜测词义时，一般可利用以下三个方面的线索： 一． 针对性的解释 针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或高深的词汇等所做的通俗化的解释。这些解释提供的信息明确具体，所使用的语言通俗易懂，利用它们来猜测词义就非常简单。 1． 根据定义（<span word="definition">definition</span>）猜测词义 如果生词有一个句子或段落来定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。 定义常用的谓语动词多为：<span word="be">be</span>, <span word="mean">mean</span>, <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="with">with</span>, <span word="be">be</span> <span word="considered">considered</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span>, <span word="be">be</span> <span word="called">called</span>, <span word="define">define</span>, <span word="represent">represent</span>, <span word="refer">refer</span> <span word="to">to</span>, <span word="signify">signify</span> 等。 例如： <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="a">a</span> “<span word="territory">territory</span>” <span word="is">is</span> ? <span word="A">A</span> <span word="territory">territory</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="area">area</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="animal">animal</span> ,<span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="male">male</span>, <span word="claims">claims</span>（声称）<span word="as">as</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="own">own</span>. 由定义可推知，这里<span word="territory">territory</span>指的是：“动物的地盘”。 <span word="Green">Green</span> <span word="building">building</span> <span word="means">means</span> “<span word="reducing">reducing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="impact">impact</span> (影响) <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="building">building</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="land">land</span>”. 由定义我们可以推断这里 <span word="Green">Green</span> <span word="building">building</span> 指的是什么。 2．根据复述推测词义 虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是它提供的信息可以为阅读者猜测词义提供 依据，至少读者可以根据复述猜测生词的大致“义域”（意义范围）。复述部分可以是词、短语、或从句。 同位语复述：在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号和括号等。同位语前常有 <span word="or">or</span>, <span word="similarly">similarly</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="say">say</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="namely">namely</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="other">other</span>, <span word="say">say</span>,<span word="i">i</span>.<span word="e">e</span>. 等。 例如： <span word="In">In</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>, <span word="only">only</span> <span word="about">about</span> 80 <span word="ocelots">ocelots</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="endangered">endangered</span> <span word="wild">wild</span> <span word="cat">cat</span>, <span word="exist">exist</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="U">U</span>.<span word="S">S</span>. <span word="today">today</span>． 由同位语<span word="an">an</span> <span word="endangered">endangered</span> <span word="wild">wild</span> <span word="cat">cat</span>我们很快猜出生词<span word="ocelots">ocelots</span>的义域：一种濒临灭绝野猫。 定语从句复述： 例如： <span word="Here">Here</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Pines">Pines</span> ,<span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="cook">cook</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="special">special</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mixing">mixing</span> <span word="foreign">foreign</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="caribou">caribou</span> ,<span word="wild">wild</span> <span word="boar">boar</span> ,<span word="and">and</span> <span word="reindeer">reindeer</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="surprising">surprising</span> <span word="sauces">sauces</span> . <span word="According">According</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="passage">passage</span>, <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Pines">Pines</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> . <span word="A">A</span>．<span word="place">place</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="mobile">mobile</span> <span word="homes">homes</span> <span word="B">B</span>．<span word="mountain">mountain</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="view">view</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="valley">valley</span> <span word="C">C</span>．<span word="town">town</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="happens">happens</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="near">near</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Banff">Banff</span> <span word="National">National</span> <span word="Park">Park</span> <span word="D">D</span>．<span word="restaurant">restaurant</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="ask">ask</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="special">special</span> <span word="kinds">kinds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="food">food</span> 通过<span word="whose">whose</span>引导的定语从句，我们可以推测到：<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Pines">Pines</span> 是一家餐馆的名字，由此不难推出理解题的答案为：<span word="D">D</span>。 2． 根据举例猜测词义 恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索。 例如： <span word="The">The</span> <span word="course">course</span> <span word="gives">gives</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="chances">chances</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="polities">polities</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="nation">nation</span> <span word="states">states</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="particular">particular</span> <span word="issues">issues</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="relationship">relationship</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="European">European</span> <span word="Union">Union</span>, <span word="third">third</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="debt">debt</span>, <span word="local">local</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="international">international</span> <span word="disagreement">disagreement</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="international">international</span> <span word="bodies">bodies</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="United">United</span> <span word="Nations">Nations</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="European">European</span> <span word="Union">Union</span>, <span word="NATO">NATO</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="Bank">Bank</span>. 根据<span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> 后面列举的一系列例子，我们应该能推断出句中的<span word="issue">issue</span> 是指“议题”。 二． 内在逻辑关系 根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指应用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑联系推断生词词义或大致义域。 1． 根据对比关系猜测词义 在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：<span word="unlike">unlike</span>, <span word="not">not</span>, <span word="but">but</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="despite">despite</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="spite">spite</span> <span word="of">of</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span> 等。表示对比关系的句子结构：<span word="while">while</span> 引导的并列句。 例如： <span word="A">A</span> <span word="child">child</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="birthday">birthday</span> <span word="party">party</span> <span word="doesn">doesn</span>’<span word="t">t</span><span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="hassle">hassle</span>; <span word="it">it</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="basket">basket</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="fun">fun</span>. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="underlined">underlined</span> <span word="word">word</span> “<span word="hassle">hassle</span>” (<span word="paragraph">paragraph</span> 1) <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="mean">mean</span>? <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="a">a</span> <span word="party">party</span> <span word="designed">designed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="specialists">specialists</span> <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="a">a</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="requiring">requiring</span> <span word="careful">careful</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="a">a</span> <span word="situation">situation</span> <span word="causing">causing</span> <span word="difficulty">difficulty</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="trouble">trouble</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="a">a</span> <span word="demand">demand</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="guests">guests</span> 根据对比关系，这里<span word="hassle">hassle</span> 和 <span word="a">a</span> <span word="basket">basket</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="fun">fun</span> 是相反的意义，很容易判断理解题的答案为<span word="C">C</span>。 2． 根据比较关系猜测词义 同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。表示比较关系的词和短语主要有：<span word="similarly">similarly</span>, <span word="like">like</span>, <span word="just">just</span> <span word="as">as</span>, <span word="also">also</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> 等。 例如：<span word="Green">Green</span> <span word="loves">loves</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="talk">talk</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="brothers">brothers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="similarly">similarly</span> <span word="loquacious">loquacious</span>. 该句中副词<span word="similarly">similarly</span>表明短语<span word="loves">loves</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="talk">talk</span>和<span word="loquacious">loquacious</span> 之间的比较关系，其意义相近。由此我们可推断出<span word="loquacious">loquacious</span>的意思是“健谈的”。 3． 根据因果关系猜测词义 在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。 例如： <span word="I">I</span> <span word="feel">feel</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="superior">superior</span> , <span word="it">it</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="presumptuous">presumptuous</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> .” <span word="The">The</span> <span word="word">word</span> “<span word="presumptuous">presumptuous</span>” <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="middle">middle</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="passage">passage</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="closest">closest</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="meaning">meaning</span> <span word="to">to</span> “ ”. <span word="A">A</span>．<span word="full">full</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="respect">respect</span> <span word="B">B</span>．<span word="too">too</span> <span word="confident">confident</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="rude">rude</span> <span word="C">C</span>．<span word="lacking">lacking</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="experience">experience</span><span word="D">D</span>．<span word="too">too</span> <span word="shy">shy</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="quiet">quiet</span> 根据<span word="since">since</span> 引导的原因状语从句的内容（“既然你是我的上司”），我们可以推断这里<span word="presumptuous">presumptuous</span>的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告诉你怎么做会是一种放肆/冒失的行为。对应的理解题答案为：<span word="B">B</span>。 <span word="Pruning">Pruning</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="encourages">encourages</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="growth">growth</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="tender">tender</span> <span word="shoots">shoots</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="leaves">leaves</span>. 根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以判断<span word="Pruning">Pruning</span>的意思是：“修剪（树枝等）”的意思。 4． 根据同义、近义、并列、替代、说明等关系猜测词义 在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境所表示的关系推断生词词义。 例如： <span word="William">William</span> <span word="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</span> <span word="said">said</span>. “<span word="The">The</span> <span word="web">web</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mingled">mingled</span> <span word="yarn">yarn</span>（纱线），<span word="good">good</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ill">ill</span> <span word="together">together</span>.” <span word="The">The</span> <span word="underlined">underlined</span> <span word="word">word</span> “<span word="mingled">mingled</span>” <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="paragraph">paragraph</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="means">means</span> . <span word="A">A</span>．<span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="B">B</span>．<span word="mixed">mixed</span> <span word="C">C</span>．<span word="sad">sad</span> <span word="D">D</span>．<span word="happy">happy</span> 句中<span word="good">good</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="ill">ill</span> <span word="together">together</span> 更具体地说明了 <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mingled">mingled</span> <span word="yarn">yarn</span>的意义，据此我们不难推测<span word="mingled">mingled</span>的意思是：“混合的，交织的”，答案是：<span word="B">B</span>。 <span word="Is">Is</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="beat">beat</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="pressure">pressure</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="drugs">drugs</span> ? <span word="The">The</span> <span word="answer">answer</span> <span word="is">is</span> “<span word="yes">yes</span>”, <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Johns">Johns</span> <span word="Hopkins">Hopkins</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="centers">centers</span>. 根据<span word="and">and</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="centers">centers</span> 这种并列关系，我们很容易推断出：<span word="Johns">Johns</span> <span word="Hopkins">Hopkins</span> 是一家医疗中心。 三． 通过构词法 在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。 1． 根据前缀猜测词义 例如： <span word="Do">Do</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="opinion">opinion</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="co">co</span>-<span word="educational">educational</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="single">single</span>-<span word="sex">sex</span> <span word="schools">schools</span>? 根据词根<span word="educational">educational</span> （教育的），结合前缀<span word="co">co</span>-（共同，一起），我们便可以猜出<span word="co">co</span>-<span word="educational">educational</span>的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。 2． 根据后缀猜测词义 例如： <span word="It">It</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="quiet">quiet</span>, <span word="comfortable">comfortable</span> <span word="hotel">hotel</span> <span word="overlooking">overlooking</span> (俯瞰) <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bay">bay</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="uncommercialized">uncommercialized</span> <span word="Cornish">Cornish</span> <span word="fishing">fishing</span> <span word="village">village</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="England">England</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="southerly">southerly</span> <span word="point">point</span>． 后缀 -<span word="ise">ise</span>/<span word="ize">ize</span>意思是“使成为…；使…化”，结合词根<span word="commercial">commercial</span>（商业的），不难猜出 <span word="uncommercialized">uncommercialized</span> 的意思是：“未被商业化的”。 3． 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义 例如： <span word="Good">Good</span> <span word="tool">tool</span> <span word="design">design</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="prevention">prevention</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="overuse">overuse</span> <span word="injuries">injuries</span>. <span word="Well">Well</span> – <span word="designed">designed</span> <span word="tools">tools</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="equipment">equipment</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="require">require</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="force">force</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="operate">operate</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="prevent">prevent</span> <span word="awkward">awkward</span>（别扭的）<span word="hand">hand</span> <span word="positions">positions</span>. <span word="Well">Well</span>-<span word="designed">designed</span> 或许是个生词，但我们分析该词的结构后，就能推测出其含义。它由<span word="well">well</span> （好，优秀）和<span word="design">design</span> （设计）两部分组成，合在一起便是“设计精巧的”意思。 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="technological">technological</span> <span word="society">society</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="goods">goods</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="mass">mass</span>-<span word="produced">produced</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="unskilled">unskilled</span> <span word="labor">labor</span>. <span word="Because">Because</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="this">this</span>, <span word="most">most</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="craft">craft</span> (手艺) <span word="no">no</span> <span word="longer">longer</span> <span word="exists">exists</span>. 根据合成词中的<span word="mass">mass</span> （大量的）和<span word="produce">produce</span> （生产），我们可以推测 <span word="mass">mass</span>-<span word="produce">produce</span>的意思是：“大批量生产；规模生产”的意思。 综上所述，利用各种已知的信息推测判断生词词义是一项重要的阅读技能。在阅读中我们可以根据实际灵活应用上面提到的几种猜词技巧，排除生词的干扰，理解文章的思想，提高阅读速度，同时，提高我们在高考阅读理解中的得分率。 </p>
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