2017届高考英语一轮复习语法考点讲练：第二专题
<p> 知识盘点 真题探究 ?</p><p> 名词是所有事物的名称, 包括人、物及抽象概念。名词分为普 通名词和专有名词两大类。研究近年来高考题我们不难看出, 名词 部分主要考查名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数(可数与不可 数、单数与复数)、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词 的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。 考点1 名词复数的规则变化 知识盘点 真题探究 1.一般情况加<span word="s">s</span>, 清辅音后读/<span word="s">s</span>/, 如:<span word="map">map</span>—<span word="maps">maps</span>;浊辅音和元音后读 /<span word="z">z</span> /, 如:<span word="bag">bag</span>—<span word="bags">bags</span>, <span word="car">car</span>—<span word="cars">cars</span>。 2.以<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="sh">sh</span>, <span word="ch">ch</span>, <span word="x">x</span>等结尾的词加<span word="es">es</span>, 读 /<span word="iz">iz</span>/, 如:<span word="bus">bus</span>—<span word="buses">buses</span>, <span word="watch">watch</span>— <span word="watches">watches</span>。 3.以<span word="ce">ce</span>, <span word="se">se</span>, <span word="ze">ze</span>, (<span word="d">d</span>)<span word="ge">ge</span>等结尾的词加<span word="s">s</span>, 读 /<span word="iz">iz</span>/, 如:<span word="license">license</span>—<span word="licenses">licenses</span>。 4.以辅音字母+<span word="y">y</span>结尾的词, 变<span word="y">y</span>为<span word="i">i</span>, 再加<span word="es">es</span>, 读 /<span word="z">z</span>/, 如:<span word="baby">baby</span>—<span word="babies">babies</span>。 考点2 其他名词复数的规则变化 1.以<span word="y">y</span>结尾的专有名词, 或元音字母+<span word="y">y</span> 结尾的名词变复数时, 直接加 <span word="s">s</span>。如:<span word="two">two</span> <span word="Marys">Marys</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Henrys">Henrys</span>, <span word="monkey">monkey</span>—<span word="monkeys">monkeys</span>, <span word="holiday">holiday</span>—<span word="holidays">holidays</span> 知识盘点 真题探究 。</p><p> 2.以<span word="o">o</span> 结尾的名词变复数时,分以下几种情况: (1)加<span word="s">s</span>,如: <span word="photo">photo</span>—<span word="photos">photos</span>, <span word="piano">piano</span>—<span word="pianos">pianos</span>, <span word="radio">radio</span>—<span word="radios">radios</span>, <span word="zoo">zoo</span>—<span word="zoos">zoos</span>。 (2)加<span word="es">es</span>, 如:<span word="potato">potato</span>—<span word="potatoes">potatoes</span>, <span word="tomato">tomato</span>—<span word="tomatoes">tomatoes</span>。 (3)加<span word="s">s</span>或<span word="es">es</span>均可, 如:<span word="zero">zero</span>—<span word="zeros">zeros</span> / <span word="zeroes">zeroes</span>。 3.以<span word="f">f</span>或<span word="fe">fe</span> 结尾的名词变复数时,分以下几种情况: (1)加<span word="s">s</span>, 如:<span word="belief">belief</span>—<span word="beliefs">beliefs</span>, <span word="roof">roof</span>—<span word="roofs">roofs</span>, <span word="safe">safe</span>—<span word="safes">safes</span>, <span word="gulf">gulf</span>—<span word="gulfs">gulfs</span>。 (2)去<span word="f">f</span>, <span word="fe">fe</span> 加<span word="ves">ves</span>, 如:<span word="half">half</span>—<span word="halves">halves</span>, <span word="knife">knife</span>—<span word="knives">knives</span>, <span word="leaf">leaf</span>—<span word="leaves">leaves</span>, <span word="wolf">wolf</span>— 知识盘点 真题探究 <span word="wolves">wolves</span>, <span word="wife">wife</span>—<span word="wives">wives</span>, <span word="life">life</span>—<span word="lives">lives</span>, <span word="thief">thief</span>—<span word="thieves">thieves</span>。 (3)加<span word="s">s</span>或去<span word="f">f</span>加<span word="ves">ves</span>均可。如: <span word="handkerchief">handkerchief</span>—<span word="handkerchiefs">handkerchiefs</span> / <span word="handker">handker</span>- <span word="chieves">chieves</span>。 考点3 名词复数的不规则变化 1.常见形式。<span word="child">child</span>—<span word="children">children</span>, <span word="foot">foot</span>—<span word="feet">feet</span>, <span word="tooth">tooth</span>—<span word="teeth">teeth</span>, <span word="mouse">mouse</span>—<span word="mice">mice</span>, <span word="man">man</span>—<span word="men">men</span>, <span word="woman">woman</span>—<span word="women">women</span>, <span word="sheep">sheep</span>—<span word="sheep">sheep</span>, <span word="deer">deer</span>—<span word="deer">deer</span>, <span word="girl">girl</span> <span word="student">student</span> —<span word="girl">girl</span> <span word="students">students</span>, <span word="woman">woman</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span>—<span word="women">women</span> <span word="teachers">teachers</span>, <span word="brother">brother</span>-<span word="in">in</span>-<span word="law">law</span>— <span word="brothers">brothers</span>-<span word="in">in</span>-<span word="law">law</span>。 注意:与 <span word="man">man</span> 和 <span word="woman">woman</span>构成的合成词, 其复数形式也是-<span word="men">men</span> 和- 知识盘点 真题探究 <span word="women">women</span>。如: <span word="an">an</span> <span word="Englishman">Englishman</span>, <span word="two">two</span> <span word="Englishmen">Englishmen</span>。但<span word="German">German</span>不是合成 词, 故复数形式为<span word="Germans">Germans</span>;<span word="Bowman">Bowman</span>是姓, 其复数是<span word="the">the</span> <span word="Bowmans">Bowmans</span>。 2.单复数同形。如:<span word="deer">deer</span>, <span word="sheep">sheep</span>, <span word="fish">fish</span>, <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span>, <span word="Japanese">Japanese</span>, <span word="li">li</span>, <span word="jin">jin</span>, <span word="yuan">yuan</span>, <span word="two">two</span> <span word="li">li</span>, <span word="three">three</span> <span word="mu">mu</span>, <span word="four">four</span> <span word="jin">jin</span>。但除人民币元、角、分外, 美元、英镑、 法郎等都有复数形式。如:<span word="a">a</span> <span word="dollar">dollar</span>, <span word="two">two</span> <span word="dollars">dollars</span>;<span word="a">a</span> <span word="meter">meter</span>, <span word="two">two</span> <span word="meters">meters</span>。 3.集体名词, 以单数形式出现, 但实为复数。如: <span word="people">people</span>, <span word="police">police</span>, <span word="cattle">cattle</span> 等本身就是复数, 不能说 <span word="a">a</span> <span word="people">people</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="police">police</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="cattle">cattle</span>, 但可以说<span word="a">a</span> <span word="per">per</span>- <span word="son">son</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="policeman">policeman</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="head">head</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cattle">cattle</span>。另外, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="English">English</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="British">British</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="French">French</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Japanese">Japanese</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Swiss">Swiss</span> 等表示国民总称时, 作复 数用。如:<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="industrious">industrious</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="brave">brave</span>. 中国人民是勤劳勇 知识盘点 真题探究 敢的。 4.以<span word="s">s</span>结尾, 仍为单数的名词, 如: (1)<span word="maths">maths</span>, <span word="politics">politics</span>, <span word="physics">physics</span>等学科名词为不可数名词,作主语时谓语动 词通常用单数。 (2)<span word="news">news</span> 是不可数名词。 (3)<span word="the">the</span> <span word="United">United</span> <span word="States">States</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="United">United</span> <span word="Nations">Nations</span> 应视为单数。如:<span word="The">The</span> <span word="United">United</span> <span word="Nations">Nations</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="organized">organized</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。 (4)以复数形式出现的书名、剧名、报纸、杂志名,也可视为单数。 如:<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Arabian">Arabian</span> <span word="Nights">Nights</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="interesting">interesting</span> <span word="storybook">storybook</span>. 《一千零一夜 知识盘点 真题探究 》是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5.表示由两部分构成的东西, 如:<span word="glasses">glasses</span> (眼镜), <span word="trousers">trousers</span>, <span word="clothes">clothes</span>等,在 表达具体数目时, 要借助数量词 <span word="pair">pair</span>(对;双), <span word="suit">suit</span>(套)。如:<span word="a">a</span> <span word="pair">pair</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="glasses">glasses</span>, <span word="two">two</span> <span word="pairs">pairs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="trousers">trousers</span>。 6.另外还有一些名词, 其复数形式有时可表示特别的意思。如: <span word="goods">goods</span>“货物”, <span word="waters">waters</span>“水域”, <span word="fishes">fishes</span>“(各种)鱼”, <span word="works">works</span>“工厂; 著作”, <span word="sands">sands</span>“沙滩”, <span word="brains">brains</span>“智力;脑力”, <span word="forces">forces</span>“军队”, <span word="glass">glass</span>- <span word="es">es</span>“眼镜”, <span word="things">things</span>“情况”。 考点4 不可数名词量的表示 知识盘点 真题探究 1.物质名词 (1)当物质名词转化为个体名词时,可数。比较: <span word="Cake">Cake</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="food">food</span>. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) <span word="These">These</span> <span word="cakes">cakes</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="sweet">sweet</span>. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) (2)当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。比较: <span word="This">This</span> <span word="factory">factory</span> <span word="produces">produces</span> <span word="steel">steel</span>.这个工厂生产钢铁。 (不可数) <span word="We">We</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="various">various</span> <span word="steels">steels</span>. 我们需要多种钢铁。(可数) (3)当物质名词表示份数时, 可数。比较: 知识盘点 真题探究 <span word="Our">Our</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="famous">famous</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="tea">tea</span>. 我国因茶叶而闻名。(不可数) <span word="Two">Two</span> <span word="teas">teas</span>, <span word="please">please</span>.请来两杯茶。(可数) 2.抽象名词有时也可数。如:<span word="four">four</span> <span word="freedoms">freedoms</span> 四大自由, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="mod">mod</span>- <span word="ernizations">ernizations</span>四个现代化。 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表示一定的数量。如:<span word="a">a</span> <span word="glass">glass</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="water">water</span> 一杯水, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="piece">piece</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="advice">advice</span>一条建议。 3.常考易错的不可数名词有:<span word="news">news</span>, <span word="information">information</span>, <span word="weather">weather</span>, <span word="advice">advice</span>, <span word="progress">progress</span>, <span word="work">work</span>, <span word="homework">homework</span>, <span word="population">population</span>, <span word="public">public</span>, <span word="water">water</span>和<span word="oil">oil</span>等。 考点5 定语名词的复数 知识盘点 真题探究 名词作定语一般用单数, 但也有以下例外。 1.用复数作定语。如:<span word="sports">sports</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> 运动会, <span word="students">students</span> <span word="reading">reading</span>-<span word="room">room</span> 学 生阅览室, <span word="talks">talks</span> <span word="table">table</span> 谈判桌, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="foreign">foreign</span> <span word="languages">languages</span> <span word="department">department</span> 外语系。 2.<span word="man">man</span>, <span word="woman">woman</span>, <span word="gentleman">gentleman</span>等作定语时,其单复数由所修饰的名词的单 复数而定。如:<span word="men">men</span> <span word="workers">workers</span>, <span word="women">women</span> <span word="teachers">teachers</span>, <span word="gentlemen">gentlemen</span> <span word="officials">officials</span>。 3.有些原有<span word="s">s</span>结尾的名词作定语时,<span word="s">s</span>保留。如:<span word="goods">goods</span> <span word="train">train</span> (货车), <span word="arms">arms</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> 武器生产, <span word="customs">customs</span> <span word="papers">papers</span> 海关文件, <span word="clothes">clothes</span> <span word="brush">brush</span>衣刷。 4.数词+名词作定语时, 这个名词一般保留单数形式。如:<span word="two">two</span> <span word="hun">hun</span>- <span word="dred">dred</span> <span word="trees">trees</span> 两百棵树, <span word="two">two</span> <span word="dozen">dozen</span> <span word="eggs">eggs</span>两打鸡蛋(二十四个鸡蛋), <span word="a">a</span> <span word="ten">ten</span>- <span word="mile">mile</span> <span word="walk">walk</span> 十里路, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="five">five</span>-<span word="year">year</span> <span word="plan">plan</span>一个五年计划。 知识盘点 真题探究 ?</p>
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