2017届高考英语一轮复习语法考点讲练：第八专题
<p> 知识盘点 真题探究 ?</p><p> 介词是英语中比较活跃的词, 中学阶段所学的介词有40多个。 它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活, 意义丰富 。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有<span word="in">in</span>, <span word="out">out</span>, <span word="up">up</span>, <span word="down">down</span>, <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="off">off</span>, <span word="to">to</span>, <span word="from">from</span>, <span word="for">for</span>, <span word="over">over</span>, <span word="with">with</span>等。今后高考对介词的考查将以介词的固定短语和介词 辨析为主。在学习介词时,考生应重点掌握介词的基本用法, 同时注 意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思 和用法。 考点1 介词的基本用法 知识盘点 真题探究 介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。 1.介词按其词义分为下列常见的几种: (1)表地点(包括动向),如<span word="about">about</span>, <span word="above">above</span>, <span word="across">across</span>, <span word="after">after</span>, <span word="along">along</span>, <span word="among">among</span>, <span word="around">around</span>, <span word="at">at</span>, <span word="before">before</span>, <span word="behind">behind</span>, <span word="below">below</span>, <span word="beneath">beneath</span>, <span word="beside">beside</span>, <span word="between">between</span>, <span word="beyond">beyond</span>, <span word="by">by</span>, <span word="down">down</span>, <span word="from">from</span>, <span word="in">in</span>, <span word="into">into</span>, <span word="near">near</span>, <span word="off">off</span>, <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="over">over</span>, <span word="through">through</span>, <span word="throughout">throughout</span>, <span word="to">to</span>, <span word="towards">towards</span>, <span word="under">under</span>, <span word="up">up</span>, <span word="upon">upon</span>, <span word="with">with</span>, <span word="within">within</span>, <span word="without">without</span>等。 注意:有不少表地点的介词可表动向,除很明显的<span word="across">across</span>, <span word="around">around</span>, <span word="near">near</span>, <span word="over">over</span>, <span word="towards">towards</span>外,还有<span word="among">among</span>, <span word="behind">behind</span>, <span word="beneath">beneath</span>, <span word="between">between</span>, <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="to">to</span>, <span word="under">under</span> 等。 (2)表时间, 如<span word="about">about</span>, <span word="after">after</span>, <span word="around">around</span>, <span word="as">as</span>, <span word="at">at</span>, <span word="before">before</span>, <span word="behind">behind</span>, <span word="between">between</span>, <span word="by">by</span>,</p><p> 知识盘点 真题探究 <span word="during">during</span>, <span word="for">for</span>, <span word="from">from</span>, <span word="in">in</span>, <span word="into">into</span>, <span word="of">of</span>, <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="over">over</span>, <span word="past">past</span>, <span word="since">since</span>, <span word="through">through</span>, <span word="throughout">throughout</span>, <span word="till">till</span>(<span word="until">until</span>), <span word="to">to</span>, <span word="towards">towards</span>, <span word="within">within</span>等。 (3)表除去,如<span word="besides">besides</span>, <span word="but">but</span>, <span word="except">except</span>等。 (4)表比较,如<span word="as">as</span>, <span word="like">like</span>, <span word="above">above</span>, <span word="over">over</span>等。 (5)表赞成、反对,如<span word="against">against</span>, <span word="for">for</span>, <span word="with">with</span>等。 (6)表原因、目的, 如<span word="for">for</span>, <span word="from">from</span>, <span word="with">with</span>等。 (7)表结果,如<span word="to">to</span>, <span word="with">with</span>, <span word="without">without</span>等。 (8)表手段、方式,如<span word="by">by</span>, <span word="in">in</span>, <span word="with">with</span>等。 知识盘点 真题探究 (9)表所属,如<span word="of">of</span>, <span word="with">with</span>等。 (10)表条件,如<span word="on">on</span>, <span word="without">without</span>, <span word="considering">considering</span>等。 (11)表让步,如<span word="despite">despite</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="spite">spite</span> <span word="of">of</span>等。 (12)表关于,如<span word="about">about</span>, <span word="concerning">concerning</span>, <span word="regarding">regarding</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="regard">regard</span> <span word="to">to</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="for">for</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="to">to</span> 等。 (13)表对于,如<span word="to">to</span>, <span word="for">for</span>, <span word="over">over</span>, <span word="at">at</span>, <span word="with">with</span>等。 (14)表根据,如<span word="on">on</span>, <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span>等。 (15)表其他,如<span word="without">without</span>(没有)等。 知识盘点 真题探究 2.介词的句法功能 介词不能独立在句中做成分,介词后必须与名词、代词或动名词构 成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其他人、 物、事件等之间的关系。 (1)作定语: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="table">table</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="mine">mine</span>. 桌上的书是我的。 (2)作状语: <span word="We">We</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="breakfast">breakfast</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="seven">seven</span>.我们在七点钟吃早餐。(表时间) <span word="They">They</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heavy">heavy</span> <span word="rain">rain</span>.由于下大雨他们 知识盘点 真题探究 开会迟到了。(表原因) <span word="They">They</span> <span word="started">started</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="machine">machine</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="pressing">pressing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="button">button</span>.他们按下按扭,开动了 机器。(表方法) (3)作表语: <span word="My">My</span> <span word="dictionary">dictionary</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bag">bag</span>.我的词典在包里。 (4)作宾语补足语: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="office">office</span>. 我发现他在办公室。 考点2 常见介词的活用 知识盘点 真题探究 <span word="by">by</span>, <span word="with">with</span>, <span word="against">against</span>, <span word="over">over</span>, <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="in">in</span>, <span word="at">at</span>, <span word="besides">besides</span>, <span word="for">for</span>等是常考的介词。掌握 这些介词的用法和意义以及准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下 面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词, 应重点掌握: 1.<span word="over">over</span>可表位置,意为“在……正上方;越过;遮住;盖住”,也可表时 间,意为“在……期间;(多年)以来”等,它还有“在……(问题)上;对 (某事)”等引申意义。如: <span word="We">We</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pleasant">pleasant</span> <span word="chat">chat</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="cup">cup</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="tea">tea</span>.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交 谈。 2.<span word="by">by</span>的主要意思有“在……旁;靠近;乘(车、船等);不迟于;到……为 知识盘点 真题探究 止;被;由;根据;按照(关系);通过……方式”等,还可以用来表示增加 或减少的程度。<span word="by">by</span>构成的常见短语有: <span word="by">by</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="by">by</span>“不久;很快”; <span word="by">by</span> <span word="oneself">oneself</span>“单独”; <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="way">way</span>“顺便说说 ”; <span word="by">by</span> <span word="far">far</span>...“……得多;最……”; <span word="by">by</span> <span word="accident">accident</span>“偶然地”; <span word="by">by</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="of">of</span>“借助;依靠”; <span word="by">by</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="means">means</span>“决不;一点也不”; <span word="by">by</span> <span word="mistake">mistake</span>“错 误地”。如: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="river">river</span> <span word="rose">rose</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="meters">meters</span>.河水上涨了两米。 3.<span word="with">with</span>可以用来表示“带有;拥有;随着;就……来说;用;以;和;与;对 于;关于”等意思。<span word="with">with</span>还可用来表示原因。如: 知识盘点 真题探究 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="turned">turned</span> <span word="red">red</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="anger">anger</span>.他气得脸都变红了。 4.<span word="beyond">beyond</span>这个词也是一个考查热点。<span word="beyond">beyond</span>表示“(时间)过了;比… …晚;迟于;(位置)在……那边;超出……之外;(范围)超过;为……所不 及;超出……的范围”等意思。如: <span word="The">The</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="beyond">beyond</span> <span word="me">me</span>.这本书我看不懂。 <span word="Tom">Tom</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="beyond">beyond</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="elder">elder</span> <span word="brother">brother</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="maths">maths</span>.汤姆的数学比他哥哥的 好多了。 考点3 介词的固定搭配 高考主要考查考生对介词固定搭配的掌握程度、对介词短语意义 知识盘点 真题探究 的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。 1.名词短语:<span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="contrary">contrary</span>“相反”;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="turn">turn</span>“依次”;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="one">one</span>??<span word="s">s</span> <span word="opin">opin</span>- <span word="ion">ion</span>“根据某人的看法”;<span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reach">reach</span>“够不着”。 2.动词短语:<span word="remind">remind</span> <span word="sb">sb</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>“提醒某人某事”;<span word="rob">rob</span> <span word="sb">sb</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>“抢劫某 人某物”;<span word="call">call</span> <span word="at">at</span>“访问(某地)”。 3.形容词短语:<span word="be">be</span> <span word="curious">curious</span> <span word="about">about</span>“对……好奇”;<span word="be">be</span> <span word="proud">proud</span> <span word="of">of</span>“因…… 而自豪”;<span word="be">be</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="with">with</span>“受到……的欢迎”。 4.介词短语:<span word="apart">apart</span> <span word="from">from</span>“除……外”; <span word="in">in</span> <span word="addition">addition</span> <span word="to">to</span>“除……之外(还) ”;<span word="because">because</span> <span word="of">of</span>“因为”;<span word="instead">instead</span> <span word="of">of</span>“代替”;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="fear">fear</span> <span word="of">of</span>“害怕;为…… 知识盘点 真题探究 提心吊胆”;<span word="for">for</span> <span word="fear">fear</span> <span word="of">of</span>“以免”;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="of">of</span>“以防”; <span word="thanks">thanks</span> <span word="to">to</span>“由于 ”; <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="middle">middle</span> <span word="of">of</span>“在……中间”;<span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span>“根据”;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="front">front</span> <span word="of">of</span> “在……前面”;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="return">return</span> <span word="for">for</span>“作为对……的回报”;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="charge">charge</span> <span word="of">of</span> “负责”;<span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="result">result</span> <span word="of">of</span>“作为……的结果”;<span word="in">in</span> <span word="exchange">exchange</span> <span word="for">for</span>“与… …交换”。 考点4 核心介词用法归纳与辨析 1.表示时间的介词<span word="in">in</span>的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、 年、月、季、周等一般用介词<span word="in">in</span>, 如:<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1990<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="January">January</span>, <span word="in">in</span> (<span word="the">the</span>) <span word="winter">winter</span>。<span word="in">in</span>和<span word="during">during</span>表一段时间内时两词通常可互用。如:<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="night">night</span>, <span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="night">night</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="war">war</span>, <span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="war">war</span>。但略有区别:当接 知识盘点 真题探究 表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用<span word="during">during</span>, 接“活动”的动名词及短 语时多用<span word="in">in</span>。如:<span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="discussion">discussion</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="discussing">discussing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="problem">problem</span>, <span word="dur">dur</span>- <span word="ing">ing</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="stay">stay</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Hubei">Hubei</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="playing">playing</span> <span word="basketball">basketball</span>, <span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="course">course</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="dig">dig</span>- <span word="ging">ging</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tunnel">tunnel</span>。 2.在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用<span word="on">on</span>。 3.表示某一时刻或某一点时间用<span word="at">at</span>,如小时、分钟等。有些时间名词 前有<span word="one">one</span>, <span word="each">each</span>, <span word="any">any</span>, <span word="every">every</span>, <span word="some">some</span>, <span word="all">all</span>, <span word="next">next</span>, <span word="last">last</span>, <span word="that">that</span>修饰时,不接介词 。如:<span word="that">that</span> <span word="day">day</span>, <span word="next">next</span> <span word="Sunday">Sunday</span>, <span word="some">some</span> <span word="day">day</span>, <span word="one">one</span> <span word="day">day</span>。 4.<span word="till">till</span>, <span word="until">until</span>, <span word="to">to</span>的用法 知识盘点 真题探究 (1)<span word="till">till</span>(<span word="until">until</span>)与持续性动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂性动词连 用一般用在否定句中。如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="waited">waited</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="till">till</span> <span word="twelve">twelve</span> <span word="o">o</span>??<span word="clock">clock</span>. 他等我,一直等到十二点钟。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>??<span word="t">t</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="till">till</span> (<span word="until">until</span>) 10 <span word="am">am</span>. (不可用<span word="to">to</span>) 他直到上午十点才起床 。 注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用<span word="till">till</span>而用<span word="until">until</span>。如: <span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="until">until</span> 9 <span word="am">am</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Smith">Smith</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="school">school</span>. 直到上午九点史密 斯先生才回学校。 (2)<span word="to">to</span>表“终结”时常和<span word="from">from</span>连用, 但要注意不与<span word="from">from</span>连用时的意义 知识盘点 真题探究 。如: <span word="from">from</span> <span word="July">July</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="September">September</span>, <span word="from">from</span> <span word="six">six</span> <span word="to">to</span> (<span word="till">till</span>) <span word="eight">eight</span>,在<span word="from">from</span> <span word="morning">morning</span> <span word="till">till</span> <span word="night">night</span>(从早到晚)中不能用<span word="to">to</span>。 5.表示方式、手段、工具的介词 (1)<span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="year">year</span> / <span word="hour">hour</span> / <span word="day">day</span>“按年/小时/天”,<span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pound">pound</span>“按磅算”, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ton">ton</span>“按吨计”。 (2)表泛指的方式、手段:<span word="by">by</span> <span word="post">post</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="telephone">telephone</span> (<span word="radio">radio</span>),<span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="phone">phone</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="radio">radio</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="TV">TV</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="electricity">electricity</span>, <span word="through">through</span> <span word="practice">practice</span>, <span word="through">through</span> <span word="experi">experi</span>- <span word="ence">ence</span>, <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="telescope">telescope</span>。 知识盘点 真题探究 (3)交通工具类。另外:<span word="by">by</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="of">of</span>“用……方法”, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="of">of</span>“经 由;取道于;用……方法”, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="help">help</span> / <span word="permission">permission</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sb">sb</span> (<span word="with">with</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>??<span word="s">s</span> <span word="help">help</span> / <span word="permission">permission</span>)“在……帮助下”。 (4)表方式、手段的其他用法。如: <span word="He">He</span> <span word="beat">beat</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="dog">dog</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="whip">whip</span>. (<span word="with">with</span> +工具、机器) <span word="One">One</span> <span word="smells">smells</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="nose">nose</span>. (<span word="with">with</span> +人体器官, 但<span word="by">by</span> <span word="hand">hand</span>“手工;用手”) <span word="He">He</span> <span word="stood">stood</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="pride">pride</span>. (<span word="with">with</span> +表示情绪、情感、态度的名词) 注意:使用语言、材料、文字等用<span word="in">in</span>。如<span word="in">in</span> <span word="English">English</span> / <span word="ink">ink</span> / <span word="pencil">pencil</span>。 6.表示“除……之外”的几组常用介词比较 知识盘点 真题探究 <span word="besides">besides</span> “除……以外(还有)”; <span word="except">except</span>“除去;除……之外(不再有) ”; <span word="except">except</span> <span word="for">for</span>“除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)”, 后接名词或代词时与<span word="except">except</span> <span word="that">that</span> +从句意思相同; <span word="except">except</span> <span word="that">that</span>...“除了 ……一点以外”。 <span word="but">but</span>和<span word="except">except</span>在表示“除了……以外”时可以通 用, 但应注意当前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称以及后接 不定式为排除对象时,多用<span word="but">but</span>。如: <span word="All">All</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="here">here</span>. <span word="Nobody">Nobody</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="likes">likes</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="model">model</span> <span word="ships">ships</span>. 7.介词的省略: 知识盘点 真题探究 介词<span word="for">for</span>表示时间的省略要求。 (1)以<span word="all">all</span>开头的名词短语, <span word="for">for</span>要省略。如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="stayed">stayed</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="morning">morning</span>. 整个上午我都和她在一起。 (2)在否定句中, 表示时间的短语前的<span word="for">for</span>不能省略。如: <span word="I">I</span> <span word="haven">haven</span>??<span word="t">t</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="thirty">thirty</span> <span word="years">years</span>. 我有三十年没见你了。 (3)时间状语在主句之前, <span word="for">for</span>不能省略。如: <span word="For">For</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="whole">whole</span> <span word="morning">morning</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="kept">kept</span> <span word="reading">reading</span>. 整个上午,老人都一 直在看书。 知识盘点 真题探究 ?</p>
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