黑龙江省名校高三英语语法专题第15讲构词法
<p> 构词法是2010年高考新增的一个考点。掌握一定的构词法知识，可以帮助同学们快速有效地记忆单词，在一定的语境下推测词义和理解句意，进而在阅读时准确地理解文章。因此，掌握构词法非常重要。为帮助同学们决胜高考，现将常用构词法知识介绍如下。 英语构词法主要有三种：</p><p> 转化——由一种词类转化为另一种词类。 派生——通过加前缀或后缀变成另一个词。 合成——由两个或两个以上的词合成一个词。 一、转化法 单词转化后的意义往往与未转化前的意义有密切联系。词的常见转化方式如下： 1．转化为动词</p><p> (1)名词转化为动词。</p><p> <span word="bottle">bottle</span>瓶子→<span word="to">to</span> <span word="bottle">bottle</span>装瓶 <span word="water">water</span>水→<span word="to">to</span> <span word="water">water</span>浇水 <span word="hand">hand</span>手→<span word="to">to</span> <span word="hand">hand</span>递交</p><p> <span word="nurse">nurse</span>护士→<span word="to">to</span> <span word="nurse">nurse</span>护理 <span word="fool">fool</span>傻子→<span word="to">to</span> <span word="fool">fool</span>愚弄 <span word="mail">mail</span> 邮件→<span word="to">to</span> <span word="mail">mail</span>邮寄 <span word="ship">ship</span>船→<span word="to">to</span> <span word="ship">ship</span>用船运 (2)形容词转化为动词。 <span word="dry">dry</span>干的→<span word="to">to</span> <span word="dry">dry</span>使……变干 <span word="narrow">narrow</span>窄的→<span word="to">to</span> <span word="narrow">narrow</span>使……变窄 <span word="free">free</span>自由的→<span word="to">to</span> <span word="free">free</span>使……自由 <span word="empty">empty</span>空的→<span word="to">to</span> <span word="empty">empty</span>倒空 2．转化为名词</p><p> (1)部分动词可以转化为名词，这些转化的名词一般表示原来的动作或状态。如：<span word="doubt">doubt</span>(怀疑)，<span word="smell">smell</span>(嗅觉)，<span word="laugh">laugh</span>(大 笑)。这些名词常和<span word="have">have</span>或<span word="take">take</span>连用，表示短暂的或一时性的动作。</p><p> <span word="have">have</span> (<span word="take">take</span>) <span word="a">a</span> <span word="look">look</span>/<span word="walk">walk</span>/<span word="rest">rest</span>；<span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="smoke">smoke</span>/<span word="try">try</span>/<span word="rest">rest</span>/ <span word="wash">wash</span>；<span word="take">take</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="ride">ride</span>/<span word="turn">turn</span>等。 (2)有些由动词转化的名词还可以指： ①动作的执行者(<span word="cook">cook</span>烹饪→<span word="a">a</span> <span word="cook">cook</span>厨师；<span word="cheat">cheat</span> 欺骗→<span word="a">a</span> <span word="cheat">cheat</span>骗子；<span word="coach">coach</span> 辅导，训练→<span word="a">a</span> <span word="coach">coach</span> 教练)； ②动作的对象(<span word="import">import</span> 进口→<span word="imports">imports</span>进口商品；<span word="find">find</span> 发现→<span word="a">a</span> <span word="find">find</span> 发现物)； ③做动作的工具(<span word="wrap">wrap</span> 包装→<span word="a">a</span> <span word="wrap">wrap</span> 包裹物；<span word="cover">cover</span>覆盖，遮盖→<span word="a">a</span> <span word="cover">cover</span> 封面)； ④动作的地点等(<span word="turn">turn</span> 转弯→<span word="a">a</span> <span word="turn">turn</span> 转弯处；<span word="divide">divide</span> 分开→<span word="a">a</span> <span word="divide">divide</span>分界线)。</p>
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