黑龙江省名校高三英语语法专题第11讲名词性从句
<p> 名词性从句根据其在句中不同的语法功能，又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。近三年高考对名词性从句主要考查内容：语序问题、连接词的选用。 1．主语从句 (1)引导主语从句的连接词有：<span word="that">that</span>(不充当句子成分，仅起引导作用，通常用<span word="it">it</span>作形式主语，一般不可省略)，<span word="whether">whether</span>，<span word="who">who</span>，<span word="whom">whom</span>，<span word="whose">whose</span>，<span word="what">what</span>，<span word="which">which</span>，<span word="whoever">whoever</span>，<span word="whatever">whatever</span>，<span word="whichever">whichever</span>，<span word="where">where</span>，<span word="when">when</span>，<span word="how">how</span>，<span word="why">why</span>。 <span word="Where">Where</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="shall">shall</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="difference">difference</span>. 我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。 (2)主语从句中<span word="it">it</span>作形式上的主语，且已形成固定的用法和译法。 ①<span word="It">It</span>＋<span word="be">be</span>＋形容词(<span word="obvious">obvious</span>，<span word="natural">natural</span>，<span word="surprising">surprising</span>，<span word="wonderful">wonderful</span>，<span word="possible">possible</span>，<span word="likely">likely</span>，<span word="certain">certain</span>，<span word="probable">probable</span>，<span word="etc">etc</span>.)＋<span word="that">that</span>从句 ②<span word="It">It</span>＋<span word="be">be</span>＋名词词组(<span word="no">no</span> <span word="wonder">wonder</span>，<span word="an">an</span> <span word="honor">honor</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="thing">thing</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="pity">pity</span>，<span word="no">no</span> <span word="surprise">surprise</span>，<span word="etc">etc</span>.)＋<span word="that">that</span>从句 ③<span word="It">It</span>＋<span word="be">be</span>＋过去分词(<span word="said">said</span>，<span word="reported">reported</span>，<span word="thought">thought</span>，<span word="expected">expected</span>，<span word="decided">decided</span>，<span word="announced">announced</span>，<span word="arranged">arranged</span>，<span word="etc">etc</span>.)＋<span word="that">that</span>从句 ④<span word="It">It</span>＋<span word="seems">seems</span>，<span word="happens">happens</span>等不及物动词及短语＋<span word="that">that</span>从句 ⑤<span word="It">It</span> <span word="doesn">doesn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="matter">matter</span>(<span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="difference">difference</span>，<span word="etc">etc</span>.)＋连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="exam">exam</span>. 她在考试中会做得好，这是确定无疑的。 <span word="It">It</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="surprise">surprise</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="won">won</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="game">game</span>. 我们队会赢得比赛，没什么惊讶的。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="decided">decided</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="till">till</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="Monday">Monday</span>. 已决定将会议推迟到下周一。 (3)注意连接代词<span word="whoever">whoever</span>，<span word="whatever">whatever</span>，<span word="whichever">whichever</span>等引导主语从句的含义。 <span word="Whatever">Whatever</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="likes">likes</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="him">him</span>.(<span word="whatever">whatever</span>＝<span word="anything">anything</span> <span word="that">that</span>)他喜欢的所有东西都会给他。 <span word="Whoever">Whoever</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="rewarded">rewarded</span>.(<span word="whoever">whoever</span>＝<span word="any">any</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="who">who</span>)无论谁做了这项工作一定要得到酬谢。 2．宾语从句 (1)引导宾语从句的连接词有：<span word="that">that</span>(在宾语从句中常可省略)；从属连词<span word="if">if</span>/<span word="whether">whether</span>；连接代词<span word="who">who</span>，<span word="whom">whom</span>，<span word="whose">whose</span>，<span word="what">what</span>，<span word="which">which</span>，<span word="whoever">whoever</span>，<span word="whatever">whatever</span>，<span word="whichever">whichever</span>；连接副词<span word="where">where</span>，<span word="when">when</span>，<span word="how">how</span>，<span word="why">why</span>。 (2)<span word="think">think</span>，<span word="believe">believe</span>，<span word="suppose">suppose</span>，<span word="expect">expect</span>，<span word="imagine">imagine</span>等动词构成否定句时，否定词要前移。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="don">don</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="suppose">suppose</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="cares">cares</span>，<span word="does">does</span> <span word="he">he</span>？我想他不在意，是吗？ (3)<span word="insist">insist</span>，<span word="suggest">suggest</span>，<span word="demand">demand</span>，<span word="order">order</span>，<span word="propose">propose</span>后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，其结构为：(<span word="should">should</span>＋)动词原形。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="suggested">suggested</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> (<span word="should">should</span>) <span word="be">be</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="off">off</span>. 他建议会议应延期。 (4)<span word="whether">whether</span>可构成<span word="whether">whether</span>...<span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span>结构；介词后宾语从句需用<span word="whether">whether</span>而不可用<span word="if">if</span>; <span word="if">if</span>引导宾语从句不可与<span word="if">if</span>(如果，假如)引导的条件状语从句相混淆。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="sure">sure</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="here">here</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span>. 我不确定他是否会来这儿。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="depends">depends</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="well">well</span>. 这取决于你能否把工作做好。 (5)宾语从句一律用陈述语序。 3．表语从句 (1)引导表语从句的连接词有：<span word="that">that</span>，<span word="whether">whether</span>，<span word="as">as</span>，<span word="as">as</span> <span word="if">if</span>，<span word="who">who</span>，<span word="whom">whom</span>，<span word="whose">whose</span>，<span word="what">what</span>，<span word="which">which</span>，<span word="whoever">whoever</span>，<span word="whichever">whichever</span>，<span word="where">where</span>，<span word="when">when</span>，<span word="how">how</span>，<span word="why">why</span>。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="stay">stay</span>. 问题是我们应该呆在哪里。 (2)<span word="where">where</span>, <span word="why">why</span>, <span word="how">how</span>等引导的从句作<span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span>或<span word="That">That</span> <span word="is">is</span>的表语，不含疑问意义而表示具体地点、原因、方式等。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sports">sports</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span>. 这就是我们推迟运动会的原因。 (3)连词<span word="because">because</span>可引导表语从句。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="much">much</span>. 我想这是因为你做得太多了。 (4)主语是<span word="reason">reason</span>时，表语从句常用<span word="that">that</span>，不用<span word="because">because</span>。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="ill">ill</span>. 他没来的原因是他病了。 (5)引导表语从句时可用<span word="whether">whether</span>而不用<span word="if">if</span>。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="published">published</span>. 问题是这本书是否会出版。 (6)主语是<span word="advice">advice</span>，<span word="suggestion">suggestion</span>，<span word="order">order</span>等表建议、要求、命令等的名词时，表语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气，即“(<span word="should">should</span>＋)动词原形”的形式。 <span word="My">My</span> <span word="advice">advice</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="we">we</span> (<span word="should">should</span>) <span word="start">start</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>. 我的建议是明天出发。 4．同位语从句 (1)一般由<span word="that">that</span>，<span word="whether">whether</span>，<span word="what">what</span>，<span word="how">how</span>等连词引导，常位于<span word="fact">fact</span>, <span word="news">news</span>, <span word="idea">idea</span>, <span word="problem">problem</span>, <span word="promise">promise</span>等抽象名词后面，说明该名词的具体内容。 【注意】 同位语从句中连词一般不省略。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="president">president</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>.我不知道总统明天是否会来。 <span word="My">My</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="shall">shall</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="touch">touch</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="answered">answered</span>. 我怎样才能和他取得联系的问题还没有得到答复。 (2)同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="news">news</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="won">won</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="game">game</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="spread">spread</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="whole">whole</span> <span word="school">school</span>.他们赢得比赛的消息很快就传遍了整个学校。(同位语从句) <span word="The">The</span> <span word="news">news</span>(<span word="that">that</span>)<span word="you">you</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="disappointing">disappointing</span>. 你昨天告诉我的消息真的很令人失望。(定语从句) 5．<span word="that">that</span>引导名词性从句通常不可省略的三种情况 (1)引导主语从句，<span word="that">that</span>置于句首时。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="failed">failed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exam">exam</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="parents">parents</span> <span word="disappointed">disappointed</span>.他考试不及格，让他父母很失望。 (2)当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二个和以后几个从句的<span word="that">that</span>不可省略。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="wished">wished</span>(<span word="that">that</span>)<span word="we">we</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="sightseeing">sightseeing</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="summer">summer</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Shanghai">Shanghai</span>.我希望今年夏天我们能去杭州旅游，并在返程时在上海买些书回来。 (3)由<span word="it">it</span>作形式宾语，<span word="that">that</span>引导的宾语从句中，<span word="that">that</span>也不可省略。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="wouldn">wouldn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="agree">agree</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="plan">plan</span>. 他已清楚地表明不同意这项计划。 6．<span word="what">what</span>与<span word="that">that</span>的区别 <span word="what">what</span>在从句中充当一定成分并且具有特定含义“……的人、地方、东西等”；<span word="that">that</span>只起引导作用，在主语从句中不充当任何成分并且也没有实际含义。 <span word="What">What</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="true">true</span>.他说的是真的。 <span word="That">That</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="late">late</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="angry">angry</span>. 他的迟到使老师很生气。 【注意】 上面两句中<span word="what">what</span>与<span word="that">that</span>绝对不能换用。 7．<span word="whether">whether</span>与<span word="if">if</span>的用法比较 二者均可作“是否”讲，都可以引导名词性从句，引导宾语从句时可以互换；用<span word="it">it</span>作形式主语时，<span word="whether">whether</span>和<span word="if">if</span>都可以引导主语从句。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="don">don</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="whether">whether</span>/<span word="if">if</span> <span word="he">he</span>'<span word="ll">ll</span> <span word="attend">attend</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span>. 我不知道他是否会出席会议。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="decided">decided</span> <span word="whether">whether</span>/<span word="if">if</span> <span word="I">I</span>'<span word="ll">ll</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="abroad">abroad</span>. 我是否将出国还没决定。 在下列情况下，常用<span word="whether">whether</span>，不用<span word="if">if</span>。 (1)<span word="whether">whether</span>引导从句放于句首时。 <span word="Whether">Whether</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="difference">difference</span>. 他来不来都一样。 (2)<span word="whether">whether</span>可引导表语从句和同位语从句，<span word="if">if</span>不可。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="join">join</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="team">team</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="decided">decided</span>.他是否入队的问题还没决定。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="worth">worth</span> <span word="trying">trying</span>. 问题是这是否值得一试。 (3)<span word="whether">whether</span>引导的从句可以作介词宾语，<span word="if">if</span>则不可。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="haven">haven</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="settled">settled</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="I">I</span>'<span word="ll">ll</span> <span word="lend">lend</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="money">money</span>.关于是否借给他钱的问题，我还没最后决定。 (4)<span word="whether">whether</span>后可以加不定式，<span word="if">if</span>不可。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="married">married</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="wait">wait</span>. 他不知道是该结婚还是该等待。 (5)可以用<span word="whether">whether</span>...<span word="or">or</span>引导让步状语从句，意为“无论，不论”，<span word="if">if</span>则不可。 <span word="Whether">Whether</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="rains">rains</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="snows">snows</span>，<span word="I">I</span> <span word="don">don</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="care">care</span>. 无论下雨还是下雪，我都不在乎。</p>
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