黑龙江省名校高三英语语法专题第6讲动词及动词短语
<p> 动词和动词短语一直是历年高考的必考项目，2008年湖北省高考试题中的15个单项选择试题中，仅动词短语一项就占了3例，其重要性由此可见一斑。最近三年该项的考查情况如下： 动词与动词短语 考查年份 动词词义 情态动词 系动词 行为动词 助动词 动词短语 其他(主谓一致等) 2009 7 10 1 13 1 2008 10 12 1 12 1 2007 7 13 2 1 2 14 一、系动词 1．连系动词主要包括三类 ①表示人或事物特征的<span word="seem">seem</span>/<span word="look">look</span>/<span word="appear">appear</span>/<span word="feel">feel</span>/<span word="taste">taste</span>/ <span word="sound">sound</span>/<span word="smell">smell</span>等。 ②表示保持某种状态的<span word="stay">stay</span>/<span word="remain">remain</span>/<span word="keep">keep</span>/<span word="stand">stand</span>/<span word="lie">lie</span>等。 ③表示由一种状态转为另外一种状态的<span word="become">become</span>/<span word="turn">turn</span>/<span word="go">go</span>/ <span word="grow">grow</span>/<span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="out">out</span>/<span word="fall">fall</span>/<span word="prove">prove</span>/<span word="come">come</span>等。 以上所有的系动词都可以跟形容词作表语。 2．某些系动词的特点 ①<span word="be">be</span>/<span word="look">look</span>/<span word="become">become</span>/<span word="turn">turn</span>/<span word="grow">grow</span>/<span word="seem">seem</span>/<span word="prove">prove</span>还可以跟名词作表语。注意<span word="turn">turn</span>后面跟可数名词单数作表语时，要省略不定冠词<span word="a">a</span>(<span word="an">an</span>)。 ②<span word="be">be</span>动词还可以跟介词短语或者副词作表语，但是副词主要是地点副词或者是表示位置关系的副词。 ③<span word="look">look</span>/<span word="seem">seem</span>/<span word="taste">taste</span>/<span word="smell">smell</span>/<span word="sound">sound</span>可以跟介词<span word="like">like</span>短语作表语。 ④<span word="be">be</span>/<span word="look">look</span>/<span word="feel">feel</span>/<span word="sound">sound</span>/<span word="seem">seem</span>可以跟<span word="as">as</span> <span word="if">if</span>引导的表语从句。 ⑤<span word="be">be</span>/<span word="seem">seem</span>/<span word="appear">appear</span>可以跟<span word="that">that</span>引导的表语从句。 二、延续性动词和终止性动词 1．延续性动词 有的动词所表示的动作可以延续，可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，这样的动词叫延续性动词。常见的有：<span word="stay">stay</span>/<span word="write">write</span>/<span word="work">work</span>/<span word="smile">smile</span>/<span word="talk">talk</span>/<span word="run">run</span>/<span word="speak">speak</span>/<span word="carry">carry</span>/<span word="exist">exist</span>/<span word="collect">collect</span>/<span word="gather">gather</span>/<span word="repair">repair</span>/<span word="train">train</span>/<span word="blow">blow</span>/<span word="fight">fight</span>/<span word="have">have</span>/<span word="lie">lie</span>/<span word="laugh">laugh</span>/<span word="hold">hold</span>/<span word="run">run</span>/<span word="climb">climb</span>/<span word="serve">serve</span>等。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="boy">boy</span> <span word="slept">slept</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="seven">seven</span> <span word="o">o</span>'<span word="clock">clock</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="morning">morning</span>. 那个孩子今天早晨一直睡到七点。 <span word="She">She</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="stayed">stayed</span> <span word="here">here</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="hours">hours</span>. 她在这儿呆了两个小时了。 2．终止性动词 有的动词所表示的动作不可以延续，而是在瞬间完成，不可以与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，这样的动词叫终止性动词。常见的有： <span word="finish">finish</span>/<span word="stop">stop</span>/<span word="put">put</span>/<span word="go">go</span>/<span word="come">come</span>/<span word="arrive">arrive</span>/<span word="receive">receive</span>/<span word="jump">jump</span>/<span word="bring">bring</span>/<span word="catch">catch</span>/<span word="close">close</span>/<span word="cut">cut</span>/<span word="die">die</span>/<span word="begin">begin</span>/<span word="start">start</span>/<span word="pay">pay</span>/<span word="lose">lose</span>/<span word="fall">fall</span>/<span word="enter">enter</span>/<span word="marry">marry</span>等。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="finish">finish</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="homework">homework</span> <span word="until">until</span> 12 <span word="o">o</span>'<span word="clock">clock</span>. 他们直到十二点才完成家庭作业。 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rain">rain</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="o">o</span>'<span word="clock">clock</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span> <span word="morning">morning</span>. 昨天早晨四点开始下的雨。 3．终止性动词一般不用于<span word="while">while</span>引起的时间状语从句。 <span word="While">While</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="family">family</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="here">here</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Japan">Japan</span>，<span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="penniless">penniless</span>.(×) 4．有时终止性动词也能同表示一段时间的状语搭配，主要是在否定句中。 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="haven">haven</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="met">met</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="years">years</span>. 我们已经很多年没有见面了。 三、动词词汇热点 1．考查词形相近或词义相近的动词，即相似词语辨析。要把握意义基本相同情况下的各个词汇之间的差别，包括词义区别和用法区别。目的是看考生是否能够把握住词义。 (1)<span word="lie">lie</span>/<span word="lay">lay</span>/<span word="lain">lain</span>；<span word="lie">lie</span>/<span word="lied">lied</span>/<span word="lied">lied</span>；<span word="lay">lay</span>/<span word="laid">laid</span>/<span word="laid">laid</span>；<span word="hanged">hanged</span>/<span word="hung">hung</span>；<span word="rise">rise</span>/<span word="raise">raise</span>；<span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span>/<span word="be">be</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span>/<span word="be">be</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="doing">doing</span>；<span word="sit">sit</span>/<span word="seat">seat</span>；<span word="experience">experience</span>/<span word="experiment">experiment</span>；<span word="affect">affect</span>/<span word="effect">effect</span>；<span word="advise">advise</span>/<span word="advertise">advertise</span>；<span word="share">share</span>/<span word="spare">spare</span>... (2)<span word="happen">happen</span>/<span word="occur">occur</span>/<span word="come">come</span> <span word="about">about</span>/<span word="take">take</span> <span word="place">place</span>；<span word="need">need</span>/<span word="require">require</span>/ <span word="want">want</span>；<span word="arrive">arrive</span> <span word="in">in</span>(<span word="at">at</span>)/<span word="reach">reach</span>/<span word="get">get</span> <span word="to">to</span>；<span word="stay">stay</span>/<span word="remain">remain</span>/<span word="keep">keep</span>；<span word="supply">supply</span>/ <span word="offer">offer</span>/<span word="give">give</span>；<span word="do">do</span>/<span word="take">take</span>/<span word="make">make</span>；<span word="ride">ride</span>/<span word="drive">drive</span>；<span word="ask">ask</span>/<span word="demand">demand</span>/<span word="order">order</span>；<span word="prefer">prefer</span>/<span word="would">would</span> <span word="rather">rather</span>；<span word="settle">settle</span>/<span word="solve">solve</span>；<span word="discover">discover</span>/<span word="invent">invent</span>；<span word="say">say</span>/<span word="speak">speak</span>/<span word="talk">talk</span>/<span word="tell">tell</span>；<span word="drop">drop</span>/<span word="fall">fall</span>；<span word="pay">pay</span>/<span word="reward">reward</span>；<span word="take">take</span>/<span word="bring">bring</span>/<span word="fetch">fetch</span>；<span word="lend">lend</span>/<span word="borrow">borrow</span>；<span word="look">look</span>/<span word="seem">seem</span>/<span word="appear">appear</span>... 2．词义不同，词与词之间的联系不大，但是在实际运用当中容易出错的动词，关键是在于对题干意思的正确理解。 四、短语动词的分类 1．动词＋介词 相当于一个及物动词，这一种最多，常见的有： (1)＋<span word="at">at</span>：<span word="look">look</span> <span word="at">at</span>，<span word="shoot">shoot</span> <span word="at">at</span>，<span word="shout">shout</span> <span word="at">at</span>，<span word="aim">aim</span> <span word="at">at</span>，<span word="knock">knock</span> <span word="at">at</span>，<span word="laugh">laugh</span> <span word="at">at</span>，<span word="call">call</span> <span word="at">at</span>等。 (2)＋<span word="for">for</span>：<span word="look">look</span> <span word="for">for</span>，<span word="ask">ask</span> <span word="for">for</span>，<span word="wait">wait</span> <span word="for">for</span>，<span word="answer">answer</span> <span word="for">for</span>，<span word="care">care</span> <span word="for">for</span>，<span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="for">for</span>，<span word="stand">stand</span> <span word="for">for</span>等。 (3)＋<span word="after">after</span>：<span word="look">look</span> <span word="after">after</span>，<span word="take">take</span> <span word="after">after</span>，<span word="be">be</span> <span word="after">after</span>，<span word="name">name</span> <span word="after">after</span>等。 (4)＋<span word="on">on</span>：<span word="put">put</span> <span word="on">on</span>，<span word="get">get</span> <span word="on">on</span>，<span word="have">have</span>...<span word="on">on</span>，<span word="call">call</span> <span word="on">on</span>，<span word="depend">depend</span> <span word="on">on</span>，<span word="operate">operate</span> <span word="on">on</span>，<span word="live">live</span> <span word="on">on</span>，<span word="insist">insist</span> <span word="on">on</span>，<span word="congratulate">congratulate</span>...<span word="on">on</span>，<span word="try">try</span> <span word="on">on</span>等。 (5)＋<span word="to">to</span>：<span word="listen">listen</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="get">get</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="happen">happen</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="reply">reply</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="belong">belong</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="agree">agree</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="add">add</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="refer">refer</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="stick">stick</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="admit">admit</span> <span word="to">to</span>等。 (6)＋<span word="with">with</span>：<span word="agree">agree</span> <span word="with">with</span>，<span word="talk">talk</span> <span word="with">with</span>，<span word="begin">begin</span> <span word="with">with</span>，<span word="meet">meet</span> <span word="with">with</span>，<span word="fill">fill</span>...<span word="with">with</span>，<span word="share">share</span>...<span word="with">with</span>，<span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="with">with</span>等。 (7)＋<span word="of">of</span>：<span word="think">think</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="rob">rob</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="of">of</span>...，<span word="hear">hear</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="die">die</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="dream">dream</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="require">require</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="of">of</span>...等。 (8)＋<span word="from">from</span>：<span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="from">from</span>，<span word="prevent">prevent</span>...<span word="from">from</span>，<span word="suffer">suffer</span> <span word="from">from</span>，<span word="hear">hear</span> <span word="from">from</span>等。 (9)＋<span word="into">into</span>：<span word="get">get</span> <span word="into">into</span>，<span word="look">look</span> <span word="into">into</span>，<span word="change">change</span> <span word="into">into</span>，<span word="dip">dip</span> <span word="into">into</span>等。 (10)＋<span word="in">in</span>：<span word="spend">spend</span>...<span word="in">in</span>，<span word="succeed">succeed</span> <span word="in">in</span>，<span word="bring">bring</span> <span word="in">in</span>，<span word="hand">hand</span> <span word="in">in</span>，<span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="in">in</span>等。 (11)＋<span word="through">through</span>：<span word="get">get</span> <span word="through">through</span>，<span word="look">look</span> <span word="through">through</span>，<span word="go">go</span> <span word="through">through</span>，<span word="see">see</span> <span word="through">through</span>等。 (12)＋<span word="about">about</span>：<span word="ask">ask</span> <span word="about">about</span>，<span word="bring">bring</span> <span word="about">about</span>，<span word="know">know</span> <span word="about">about</span>，<span word="worry">worry</span> <span word="about">about</span>，<span word="set">set</span>...<span word="about">about</span>等。 2．动词＋副词 这类动词短语有的相当于不及物动词，如：<span word="set">set</span> <span word="off">off</span>(出发)，<span word="break">break</span> <span word="out">out</span>(爆发)，<span word="go">go</span> <span word="on">on</span>(继续)，<span word="call">call</span> <span word="up">up</span>(打电话)，<span word="give">give</span> <span word="in">in</span>(屈服，让步)等。有的相当于一个及物动词，其宾语如果是名词，可放在副词之前也可放在副词之后。其宾语如果是代词，则只能放在副词之前。 <span word="give">give</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="idea">idea</span>/<span word="give">give</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="up">up</span>，但<span word="give">give</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="question">question</span>/<span word="think">think</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="over">over</span>，但<span word="think">think</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="pick">pick</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span>/<span word="pick">pick</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="book">book</span> <span word="up">up</span>，但<span word="pick">pick</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="up">up</span> 3．动词＋名词＋介词 <span word="take">take</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="in">in</span>，<span word="take">take</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="place">place</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="pay">pay</span> <span word="attention">attention</span> <span word="to">to</span>，<span word="make">make</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="show">show</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="in">in</span>，<span word="have">have</span> (<span word="an">an</span>) <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="on">on</span>，<span word="take">take</span> <span word="care">care</span> <span word="of">of</span>等。 4．<span word="be">be</span>＋形容词＋介词 <span word="be">be</span> <span word="afraid">afraid</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="be">be</span> <span word="fond">fond</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="be">be</span> <span word="angry">angry</span> <span word="with">with</span>，<span word="be">be</span> <span word="anxious">anxious</span> <span word="about">about</span>，<span word="be">be</span> <span word="aware">aware</span> <span word="of">of</span>，<span word="be">be</span> <span word="worried">worried</span> <span word="about">about</span>等。</p>
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