黑龙江省名校高三英语语法专题第7讲时态和语态
<p> 一、动词的时态 1．一般现在时与现在完成时的区别 一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或永久性的状态，而现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="ready">ready</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="others">others</span>. 他总是乐于助人。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="haven">haven</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="finished">finished</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="homework">homework</span> <span word="yet">yet</span>. 我还没做完家庭作业呢。 2．现在完成时与现在完成进行时 现在完成时强调动作产生的结果或影响，而不是动作本身；现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时期内某项活动的持续性，强调的是动作本身。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="written">written</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="letter">letter</span>.他写了一封信。(已经写好) <span word="He">He</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="letter">letter</span>.他一直在写信。(仍然在写) 3．一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 一般过去时只表示发生在过去的动作或状态，不涉及对现在的影响，即和现在无关；现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态一直延续到现在或表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。 <span word="His">His</span> <span word="brother">brother</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="army">army</span> <span word="for">for</span> 5 <span word="years">years</span>. 他哥哥当过五年兵。(现已退役) <span word="His">His</span> <span word="brother">brother</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="army">army</span> <span word="for">for</span> 5 <span word="years">years</span>. 他哥哥当兵已五年了。(现仍在部队里) 4．一般过去时与过去完成时的区别 一般过去时说明发生在过去的动作，往往有明确的过去时间状语；过去完成时表示过去某个时间或动作之前已发生或完成的动作，强调“过去的过去”，句中常有<span word="by">by</span>，<span word="before">before</span>，<span word="when">when</span>，<span word="until">until</span>等词引导的时间状语。 <span word="We">We</span> <span word="worked">worked</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="factory">factory</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1972. 1972年我们在那家工厂干活。 <span word="Until">Until</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="it">it</span>. 在那以前，他对此一无所知。 5．一般过去时与过去进行时 一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去，不强调动作的延续性；过去进行时则强调在过去某一时间正在进行或持续进行的动作。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="read">read</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="novel">novel</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="library">library</span> <span word="yesterday">yesterday</span>. 他昨天在图书馆看了一本小说。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="reading">reading</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="novel">novel</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="library">library</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="morning">morning</span>. 他今天早上一直在图书馆看小说。 6．将来时的几种表现形式 (1)<span word="be">be</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span>＋动词原形 多用于口语中，含有“打算，计划，准备，即将”做某事之意或表示很有可能要发生某事。 <span word="Mr">Mr</span>.<span word="Green">Green</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="car">car</span>. 格林先生打算买辆新车。 <span word="There">There</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wonderful">wonderful</span> <span word="film">film</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="tonight">tonight</span>.今晚我校要放映一部精彩影片。 (2)一般现在时表将来时 一般现在时可用来表示已安排好或计划好的将来动作或存在状态，常用的词有<span word="be">be</span>，<span word="come">come</span>，<span word="go">go</span>，<span word="arrive">arrive</span>，<span word="leave">leave</span>，<span word="start">start</span>等。 <span word="My">My</span> <span word="birthday">birthday</span> <span word="falls">falls</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="May">May</span> 5. 我的生日是在5月5日。 <span word="His">His</span> <span word="ship">ship</span> <span word="leaves">leaves</span> <span word="at">at</span> 9∶00 <span word="a">a</span>．<span word="m">m</span>.. 他乘坐的船上午9∶00起锚。 (3)现在进行时表将来时 现在进行时可用来表示按计划即将发生的动作，多与表示移动的动词<span word="come">come</span>，<span word="go">go</span>，<span word="arrive">arrive</span>，<span word="start">start</span>，<span word="fly">fly</span>等连用。 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="leaving">leaving</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="London">London</span>.他就要启程去伦敦。 <span word="They">They</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="coming">coming</span>.他们不来了。 (4)<span word="be">be</span> <span word="to">to</span>＋动词原形和<span word="be">be</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="to">to</span>＋动词原形表将来时，前者指“安排好的事”，后者指“即将发生的事”。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="week">week</span>. 孩子们下周要学习英语。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="train">train</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="start">start</span>.火车即将启动。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="leave">leave</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="telephone">telephone</span> <span word="rang">rang</span>. 我正要离开，电话响了。 (5)在时间、条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 <span word="She">She</span>'<span word="ll">ll</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="arrives">arrives</span>. 她一到达就去看他。 <span word="I">I</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="stay">stay</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="rains">rains</span> <span word="tomorrow">tomorrow</span>. 如果明天下雨，我就呆在家里。 7．与时态有关的特殊句式 在某些固定句型里往往有固定的时态要求，注意以下句式中时态的运用： (1)祈使句＋<span word="and">and</span>(<span word="or">or</span>，<span word="or">or</span> <span word="else">else</span>，<span word="otherwise">otherwise</span>)＋并列分句(常用一般将来时) (2)<span word="This">This</span>/<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> (<span word="was">was</span>)<span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span>/<span word="second">second</span>...<span word="time">time</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="has">has</span>/<span word="have">have</span> (<span word="had">had</span>)<span word="done">done</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>.... (3)<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span>(<span word="was">was</span>)．..<span word="since">since</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="did">did</span> (<span word="had">had</span> <span word="done">done</span>)<span word="sth">sth</span>. (4)<span word="Hardly">Hardly</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="done">done</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>./<span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="did">did</span>... (5)<span word="No">No</span> <span word="sooner">sooner</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="done">done</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="sth">sth</span>./<span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="did">did</span>... (6)<span word="It">It</span> <span word="won">won</span>'<span word="t">t</span> <span word="be">be</span> (<span word="wasn">wasn</span>'<span word="t">t</span>)<span word="long">long</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.<span word="do">do</span>/<span word="does">does</span>(<span word="did">did</span>)．.. 二、动词的语态 1．带双宾语的动词的被动语态 带双宾语的动词变为被动结构时，一般将主动结构中的间接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，直接宾语不变。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，间接宾语之前则应加上相应的介词。 <span word="My">My</span> <span word="friend">friend</span> <span word="lent">lent</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="books">books</span>. 我的朋友借给我这些书。 →<span word="I">I</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="lent">lent</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="friend">friend</span>. →<span word="These">These</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="lent">lent</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="friend">friend</span>. 这些书是朋友借给我的。 2．带复合宾语的动词的被动语态 带复合宾语的动词变被动时，一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语不变，但在作用上变成主语补足语。作主语补足语的可以是名词(短语)、形容词(短语)或非限定动词(短语)，其中不定式都必须带<span word="to">to</span>。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="farmer">farmer</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="horses">horses</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="whole">whole</span> <span word="day">day</span>. 农民让马干了一整天活。 →<span word="The">The</span> <span word="horses">horses</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="whole">whole</span> <span word="day">day</span>. 马被驱使着干了一整天活。 3．含<span word="that">that</span>宾语从句的被动语态 当含有<span word="that">that</span>宾语从句的主动句变成被动句时，通常以间接宾语作为主语，<span word="that">that</span>从句不变。 <span word="She">She</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="me">me</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="soon">soon</span>. 她告诉我老师很快就来。 →<span word="I">I</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="told">told</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="soon">soon</span>. 我被告知老师很快就来。 4．特殊结构的被动形式 (1)<span word="be">be</span>＋过去分词＋不定式 <span word="He">He</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="languages">languages</span>. 据说他懂三种语言。 <span word="She">She</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="reported">reported</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="broken">broken</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="record">record</span>. 据报道她打破了一项世界纪录。 (2)<span word="It">It</span>＋<span word="be">be</span>＋过去分词＋从句 <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="reported">reported</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="supernatural">supernatural</span> <span word="powers">powers</span>. 据说他有某些特异功能。 (3)<span word="get">get</span>＋<span word="done">done</span> 常考结构如下： <span word="get">get</span> <span word="married">married</span>结婚；<span word="get">get</span> <span word="engaged">engaged</span>订婚；<span word="get">get</span> <span word="hurt">hurt</span>/<span word="wounded">wounded</span>受伤；<span word="get">get</span> <span word="lost">lost</span>迷路；<span word="get">get</span> <span word="drunk">drunk</span>喝醉；<span word="get">get</span> <span word="changed">changed</span>换衣服；<span word="get">get</span> <span word="paid">paid</span>得到工资；<span word="get">get</span> <span word="dressed">dressed</span>穿好衣服；<span word="get">get</span> <span word="caught">caught</span>/<span word="stuck">stuck</span>/<span word="trapped">trapped</span>被困；<span word="get">get</span> <span word="run">run</span> <span word="over">over</span>被(车)轧 5．不用被动语态的动词(短语) (1)感官动词<span word="feel">feel</span>，<span word="look">look</span>，<span word="smell">smell</span>，<span word="taste">taste</span>，<span word="sound">sound</span>等。 (2)当<span word="cut">cut</span>，<span word="write">write</span>，<span word="read">read</span>，<span word="sell">sell</span>，<span word="wear">wear</span>，<span word="wash">wash</span>，<span word="cook">cook</span>，<span word="shut">shut</span>，<span word="drink">drink</span>等词表示某种性质且动词带状语修饰语时。 (3)<span word="break">break</span> <span word="out">out</span>，<span word="take">take</span> <span word="place">place</span>，<span word="give">give</span> <span word="out">out</span>，<span word="work">work</span> <span word="out">out</span>，<span word="turn">turn</span> <span word="out">out</span>，<span word="run">run</span> <span word="out">out</span>，<span word="consist">consist</span> <span word="of">of</span>等。 (4)<span word="hold">hold</span>，<span word="possess">possess</span>，<span word="fit">fit</span>，<span word="last">last</span>(持续，够……之用)等。 <span word="My">My</span> <span word="pen">pen</span> <span word="writes">writes</span> <span word="smoothly">smoothly</span>. 我的钢笔写起来很流畅。 <span word="Cotton">Cotton</span> <span word="feels">feels</span> <span word="soft">soft</span>.棉花摸起来很柔软。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="worked">worked</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="successfully">successfully</span>. 计划进行得很成功。 6．被动语态和系表结构 被动语态表示动作，句子主语是动作的对象；系表结构说明主语所处的状态，其中的过去分词具有形容词的性质。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="cup">cup</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="broken">broken</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="brother">brother</span>. 茶杯是我弟弟打碎的。(被动语态) <span word="The">The</span> <span word="cup">cup</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="broken">broken</span>.茶杯碎了。(系表结构) 7．主动形式表被动意义 (1)有些形容词之后作状语的不定式用主动语态表被动意义，相当于在不定式前省略<span word="for">for</span> <span word="sb">sb</span>.，该不定式与主语存在着动宾关系，常见的此类形容词有<span word="easy">easy</span>，<span word="difficult">difficult</span>，<span word="hard">hard</span>，<span word="comfortable">comfortable</span>等。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="problem">problem</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="out">out</span>. 这个问题很难解出来。 (2)不定式<span word="to">to</span> <span word="let">let</span>，<span word="to">to</span> <span word="blame">blame</span>等表被动意义。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="car">car</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="let">let</span>.汽车出租。 (3)<span word="want">want</span>，<span word="require">require</span>，<span word="need">need</span>，<span word="worth">worth</span>，<span word="deserve">deserve</span>后接动词<span word="ing">ing</span>形式用主动表示被动意义。 <span word="These">These</span> <span word="flowers">flowers</span> <span word="want">want</span>/<span word="need">need</span>/<span word="require">require</span> <span word="watering">watering</span>. 这些花需要浇水。</p>
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