黑龙江省名校高三英语语法专题第3讲名词和主谓一致
<p> 3．谓语动词单、复数视情况而定 (1)集体名词<span word="class">class</span>，<span word="family">family</span>，<span word="army">army</span>，<span word="team">team</span>，<span word="club">club</span>，<span word="population">population</span>，<span word="enemy">enemy</span>，<span word="party">party</span>，<span word="crowd">crowd</span>，<span word="crew">crew</span>，<span word="audience">audience</span>，<span word="public">public</span>，<span word="government">government</span>，<span word="majority">majority</span>，<span word="group">group</span>等作主语，强调整体用单数，指个体成员用复数。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="population">population</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="and">and</span> 80% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="population">population</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="rural">rural</span> <span word="areas">areas</span>. 中国人口很多，其中80%的人住在农村。 (2)单复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语形式要根据其具体含义而定，这类词有：<span word="means">means</span>，<span word="works">works</span>，<span word="pains">pains</span>，<span word="deer">deer</span>，<span word="fish">fish</span>，<span word="sheep">sheep</span>等。 <span word="Every">Every</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="tried">tried</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="solve">solve</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="problem">problem</span>，<span word="but">but</span> <span word="none">none</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="effective">effective</span>.每种方法都试过了，但没有一个有效。 <span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="various">various</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="communicating">communicating</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="stranger">stranger</span>. 同陌生人交流有很多不同的方法。 (3)“<span word="kind">kind</span>，<span word="sort">sort</span>，<span word="pair">pair</span>，<span word="type">type</span>＋名词”作主语，以这些名词本身的单复数而定。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="paper">paper</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="straw">straw</span>. 这种纸是由稻草制成的。 <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="kinds">kinds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="animals">animals</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="dying">dying</span> <span word="out">out</span>. 一些种类的动物要灭绝了。 (4)<span word="all">all</span>，<span word="none">none</span>，<span word="some">some</span>，<span word="any">any</span>等不定代词作主语，根据其指代的内容而定。 <span word="All">All</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="well">well</span>.一切顺利。 <span word="All">All</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="besides">besides</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="professor">professor</span>. 包括教授在内大家都在。 (5)“<span word="half">half</span>/<span word="most">most</span>/<span word="enough">enough</span>/<span word="part">part</span>/<span word="the">the</span> <span word="rest">rest</span>/<span word="the">the</span> <span word="last">last</span>/<span word="lots">lots</span>/<span word="plenty">plenty</span>/分数/百分数＋<span word="of">of</span>＋名词”作主语，谓语动词要和<span word="of">of</span>之后的名词单复数保持一致。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="students">students</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="coming">coming</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span>. 有很多学生要来开会。 <span word="A">A</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="done">done</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="prepare">prepare</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="conference">conference</span>.准备这次会议需要做大量的工作。 (二)就近一致原则 1．由<span word="or">or</span>，<span word="either">either</span>...<span word="or">or</span>...，<span word="neither">neither</span>...<span word="nor">nor</span>...，<span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span>...<span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span>...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词常与最近的主语在单复数上保持一致。 <span word="Neither">Neither</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="nor">nor</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="am">am</span> <span word="fit">fit</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span>. 你和我都不适合这份工作。 <span word="Are">Are</span> <span word="neither">neither</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="nor">nor</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="fit">fit</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="work">work</span>? 你和我都不适合这份工作吗？ 【注意】 “<span word="with">with</span>/<span word="along">along</span> <span word="with">with</span>/<span word="together">together</span> <span word="with">with</span>/<span word="including">including</span>/<span word="but">but</span>/ <span word="except">except</span>/<span word="like">like</span>/<span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span>/<span word="no">no</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span>/<span word="besides">besides</span>/<span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span>＋名词”置于主语后连接并列主语时，谓语动词一般仍与前面的名词在单复数上保持一致。 <span word="Henry">Henry</span>，<span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="Jane">Jane</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="John">John</span>，<span word="is">is</span> <span word="responsible">responsible</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="loss">loss</span>.损失的责任应由亨利而不是由简和约翰来承担。 2．由<span word="there">there</span>，<span word="here">here</span>引起的主语不止一个时，谓语通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。 <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lake">lake</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="hills">hills</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="it">it</span>. 有一个湖和几座山环绕着它。 一、名词 (一)名词的数 1．单数名词变为复数名词常考点 (1)以<span word="o">o</span>结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加<span word="s">s</span>，但是下列名词要加<span word="es">es</span>，它们是：黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿，即<span word="Negroes">Negroes</span>，<span word="heroes">heroes</span>，<span word="potatoes">potatoes</span>，<span word="tomatoes">tomatoes</span>。 (2)以<span word="f">f</span>或<span word="fe">fe</span>结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加<span word="s">s</span>，但下列以<span word="f">f</span>或<span word="fe">fe</span>结尾的名词需把<span word="f">f</span>或<span word="fe">fe</span>变为<span word="ves">ves</span>，它们是：为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上把狼劈成了两半，即：<span word="selves">selves</span>，<span word="lives">lives</span>，<span word="thieves">thieves</span>，<span word="wives">wives</span>，<span word="knives">knives</span>，<span word="leaves">leaves</span>，<span word="shelves">shelves</span>，<span word="wolves">wolves</span>，<span word="halves">halves</span>。 (3)合成名词构成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一个部分变为复数。如：<span word="sons">sons</span><span word="in">in</span><span word="law">law</span>女婿，<span word="passers">passers</span><span word="by">by</span>过路人，<span word="story">story</span><span word="tellers">tellers</span>讲故事的人，<span word="breakfasts">breakfasts</span>早餐，<span word="housewives">housewives</span>家庭主妇。 2．下列名词通常用作不可数名词 <span word="fun">fun</span>，<span word="advice">advice</span>，<span word="weather">weather</span>，<span word="progress">progress</span>，<span word="information">information</span>，<span word="bread">bread</span>，<span word="butter">butter</span>，<span word="baggage">baggage</span>，<span word="clothing">clothing</span>，<span word="equipment">equipment</span>，<span word="furniture">furniture</span>，<span word="homework">homework</span>，<span word="juice">juice</span>，<span word="luggage">luggage</span>，<span word="luck">luck</span>，<span word="music">music</span>，<span word="milk">milk</span>，<span word="meat">meat</span>，<span word="production">production</span>，<span word="permission">permission</span>，<span word="practice">practice</span>，<span word="rubber">rubber</span>，<span word="rice">rice</span>，<span word="soup">soup</span>，<span word="wealth">wealth</span>，<span word="word">word</span>(＝<span word="news">news</span>) 3．有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义 <span word="papers">papers</span> 文件，试卷，报纸，论文；<span word="goods">goods</span> 货物，商品；<span word="ashes">ashes</span> 骨灰，遗骸；<span word="glasses">glasses</span> 眼镜；<span word="sands">sands</span> 沙滩；<span word="woods">woods</span> 树林；<span word="greens">greens</span> 青菜；<span word="times">times</span> 时代；<span word="drinks">drinks</span> 饮料；<span word="arms">arms</span> 武器；<span word="looks">looks</span> 外表；<span word="manners">manners</span> 礼貌；<span word="damages">damages</span> 赔偿金；<span word="lines">lines</span> 台词；<span word="works">works</span> 工厂，著作，工事；<span word="brains">brains</span> 头脑；<span word="customs">customs</span> 海关，关税；<span word="irons">irons</span> 镣铐；<span word="regards">regards</span> 问候；<span word="pains">pains</span> 努力；<span word="conditions">conditions</span> 条件；<span word="airs">airs</span> 傲气；<span word="contents">contents</span> 目录；<span word="spirits">spirits</span> 酒精；<span word="waters">waters</span> 水域；<span word="expectations">expectations</span> 前程 4．有些名词单复数同形 <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> 中国人，<span word="Japanese">Japanese</span> 日本人，<span word="sheep">sheep</span> 绵羊，<span word="deer">deer</span> 鹿，<span word="series">series</span> 系列，<span word="means">means</span> 方式，<span word="works">works</span> 工厂，<span word="fish">fish</span> 鱼，<span word="fruit">fruit</span> 水果，<span word="crossroad">crossroad</span> 十字路口，<span word="horsepower">horsepower</span> 马力，<span word="jin">jin</span> 斤等，其中 <span word="fish">fish</span>，<span word="fruit">fruit</span> 表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即 <span word="fishes">fishes</span>，<span word="fruits">fruits</span>。 5．集体名词的数 (1)集体名词 <span word="family">family</span>，<span word="class">class</span>，<span word="crew">crew</span>，<span word="team">team</span>，<span word="group">group</span>，<span word="public">public</span>，<span word="audience">audience</span>，<span word="crowd">crowd</span>，<span word="government">government</span>，<span word="committee">committee</span> 等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要根据主语所指的意义而定。当集体名词作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词用单数；如果指其中各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="consists">consists</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="twenty">twenty</span><span word="five">five</span> <span word="boys">boys</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="twenty">twenty</span> <span word="girls">girls</span>. 这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="experiments">experiments</span>.全班学生正在做实验。 (2)由两部分构成的物体，如 <span word="trousers">trousers</span>，<span word="pants">pants</span>，<span word="jeans">jeans</span>，<span word="compasses">compasses</span>，<span word="glasses">glasses</span>，<span word="shorts">shorts</span>，<span word="socks">socks</span> 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。但如果这类名词前用了“<span word="a">a</span> <span word="pair">pair</span> <span word="of">of</span>”或“数词＋<span word="pairs">pairs</span>＋<span word="of">of</span>”来修饰，谓语动词的单复数往往取决于 <span word="pair">pair</span> 的单复数形式。 <span word="These">These</span> <span word="trousers">trousers</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="cleaning">cleaning</span>.这些裤子需要清洗。 <span word="Your">Your</span> <span word="glasses">glasses</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="nice">nice</span>.你的眼镜很漂亮。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="pair">pair</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="trousers">trousers</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="mine">mine</span>.这条裤子是我的。 <span word="Here">Here</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="pairs">pairs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="shoes">shoes</span>.这里有几双新鞋。 (二)名词的格 1．所有格的含义 (1)表示所属。<span word="Tom">Tom</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="car">car</span> 汤姆的汽车 (2)表示类别。<span word="a">a</span> <span word="women">women</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="college">college</span> 女子学院 (3)表示动作的执行者或承受者。 <span word="the">the</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="praise">praise</span> 老师的表扬 <span word="children">children</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="education">education</span>儿童教育 2．所有格有两种不同的形式：一是由名词末尾加 '<span word="s">s</span> 构成；一是由介词 <span word="of">of</span> 加名词构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西；后者多用来表示无生命的东西。但在以下几种情况下'<span word="s">s</span>也可表示无生命的东西： (1)表时间 <span word="a">a</span> <span word="day">day</span>‘<span word="s">s</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> 一天的会 <span word="five">five</span> <span word="weeks">weeks</span>' <span word="holiday">holiday</span></p>
页:
[1]