Knock-on effect
<p><span word="Reader">Reader</span> <span word="question">question</span>:</p><p><span word="In">In</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="sentence">sentence</span> – <span word="Researchers">Researchers</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="knock">knock</span>-<span word="on">on</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="giving">giving</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="smoking">smoking</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="major">major</span> <span word="factor">factor</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="smoking">smoking</span> <span word="decline">decline</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="decades">decades</span> – <span word="what">what</span> <span word="does">does</span> “<span word="the">the</span> <span word="knock">knock</span>-<span word="on">on</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>” <span word="mean">mean</span>?</p><p><span word="My">My</span> <span word="comments">comments</span>:</p><p><span word="We">We</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="perhaps">perhaps</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="understand">understand</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="knock">knock</span>-<span word="on">on</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="playing">playing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="game">game</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="domino">domino</span> <span word="bones">bones</span>.</p><p><span word="First">First</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="stand">stand</span> <span word="pieces">pieces</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="dominos">dominos</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="bones">bones</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="side">side</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="side">side</span>. <span word="Then">Then</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="knock">knock</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="piece">piece</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="toward">toward</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="one">one</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bones">bones</span> <span word="correctly">correctly</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="bone">bone</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="fall">fall</span> <span word="onto">onto</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="bone">bone</span> <span word="knocking">knocking</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="down">down</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="then">then</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="falls">falls</span>, <span word="knocks">knocks</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="third">third</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="knocks">knocks</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="third">third</span>, <span word="of">of</span> <span word="course">course</span> <span word="takes">takes</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fourth">fourth</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="manner">manner</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="happens">happens</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="again">again</span> <span word="ad">ad</span> <span word="infinitum">infinitum</span>.</p><p><span word="From">From</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="term">term</span> “<span word="domino">domino</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>”.</p><p><span word="Or">Or</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="chain">chain</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>.</p><p><span word="Similarly">Similarly</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="knock">knock</span>-<span word="on">on</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="refers">refers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="situations">situations</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="event">event</span> <span word="leads">leads</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="another">another</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="example">example</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="top">top</span>, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="attribute">attribute</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="decline">decline</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="smoking">smoking</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="knock">knock</span>-<span word="on">on</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="quitting">quitting</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fog">fog</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="say">say</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="quitters">quitters</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="quitting">quitting</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="habit">habit</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="friends">friends</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="companions">companions</span> <span word="tend">tend</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="another">another</span>.</p><p><span word="However">However</span>, <span word="I">I</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="domino">domino</span> <span word="bones">bones</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="perfect">perfect</span> <span word="analogy">analogy</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="knock">knock</span>-<span word="on">on</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="refers">refers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="indirect">indirect</span> <span word="influences">influences</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="event">event</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="another">another</span>. <span word="Unlike">Unlike</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="domino">domino</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="direct">direct</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="chain">chain</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> – <span word="events">events</span> <span word="linking">linking</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="others">others</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="chain">chain</span> – <span word="the">the</span> <span word="knock">knock</span>-<span word="on">on</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="always">always</span> <span word="readily">readily</span> <span word="predictable">predictable</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="demonstrated">demonstrated</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="media">media</span> <span word="examples">examples</span> <span word="below">below</span>:</p>
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