说说《纸牌屋》里的“党鞭”
<p> 最近大热的美剧《纸牌屋》引发了不少人对美国政治的关注，其中，主角安德伍德最早担任的民主党党鞭一职更是让不少人产生了兴趣。这到底是一个什么样的职位？他为什么可以对其他党内成员有那么大的影响？今天，我们就简单了解一下“党鞭”（<span word="Whip">Whip</span>）这个职位。</p><p> </p><p> <span word="A">A</span> <span word="whip">whip</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="official">official</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="party">party</span> <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="primary">primary</span> <span word="purpose">purpose</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ensure">ensure</span> <span word="party">party</span> <span word="discipline">discipline</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="legislature">legislature</span>. <span word="Whips">Whips</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="party">party</span>'<span word="s">s</span> "<span word="enforcers">enforcers</span>", <span word="who">who</span> <span word="typically">typically</span> <span word="offer">offer</span> <span word="inducements">inducements</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="threaten">threaten</span> <span word="punishments">punishments</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="party">party</span> <span word="members">members</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ensure">ensure</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="vote">vote</span> <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="official">official</span> <span word="party">party</span> <span word="policy">policy</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="whip">whip</span>'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ensure">ensure</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="elected">elected</span> <span word="representatives">representatives</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="party">party</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="attendance">attendance</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="votes">votes</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="taken">taken</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="usage">usage</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hunting">hunting</span> <span word="term">term</span> "<span word="whipping">whipping</span> <span word="in">in</span>", <span word="i">i</span>.<span word="e">e</span>. <span word="preventing">preventing</span> <span word="hounds">hounds</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="wandering">wandering</span> <span word="away">away</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pack">pack</span>.</p><p> 党鞭（<span word="Whip">Whip</span>）是立法机构中主要负责确保其所在政党的政策得到贯彻执行的官员。他们是政党的“执行者”，通过恩威并施的方式让党内成员按照该政党的官方政策进行投票，同时确保在有重要投票时党内代表都能参加。<span word="Whip">Whip</span>这个用法源于打猎时的用语<span word="whipping">whipping</span> <span word="in">in</span>，意即，让猎犬们保持队形，防止个别猎犬从整个群体中“溜号”。</p><p> <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="United">United</span> <span word="States">States</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="legislatures">legislatures</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="local">local</span>, <span word="State">State</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Federal">Federal</span> <span word="levels">levels</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Federal">Federal</span> <span word="legislature">legislature</span> (<span word="Congress">Congress</span>), <span word="State">State</span> <span word="legislatures">legislatures</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="county">county</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="legislative">legislative</span> <span word="bodies">bodies</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="divided">divided</span> <span word="along">along</span> <span word="party">party</span> <span word="lines">lines</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="Whips">Whips</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Majority">Majority</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Minority">Minority</span> <span word="Leaders">Leaders</span>.</p>
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