什么是“数据影子”？
<p> 好莱坞电影中经常会出现这样的镜头：<span word="FBI">FBI</span>或者<span word="CIA">CIA</span>通过调用各渠道数据信息后便能将犯罪嫌疑人的行动轨迹摸清楚，然后悄无声息地出现，将其拿下。现在，这样的情形已经是现实了。随着数码电子技术的普及，人们的日常生活活动都会留下相应的数据使用痕迹，英文叫做<span word="data">data</span> <span word="shadow">shadow</span>（数据影子）。</p><p> </p><p> <span word="A">A</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="shadow">shadow</span> <span word="refers">refers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sum">sum</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="traces">traces</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="leaves">leaves</span> <span word="behind">behind</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="everyday">everyday</span> <span word="activities">activities</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="shadow">shadow</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="minute">minute</span> <span word="pieces">pieces</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="someone">someone</span> <span word="emails">emails</span>, <span word="updates">updates</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="media">media</span> <span word="profiles">profiles</span>, <span word="swipes">swipes</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="credit">credit</span> <span word="card">card</span>, <span word="uses">uses</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="ATM">ATM</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="on">on</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="concept">concept</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="shadow">shadow</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="concern">concern</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="looking">looking</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="person">person</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="shadow">shadow</span>, <span word="what">what</span> <span word="conclusions">conclusions</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="drawing">drawing</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="actions">actions</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="conclusions">conclusions</span>.</p><p> <span word="Data">Data</span> <span word="shadow">shadow</span>指一个人的日常活动留下的各种信息痕迹，即“数据影子”。发送电邮、更新社交网站状态、刷信用卡、使用自动取款机等等行为产生的点滴数据构成一个人的数据影子。这个概念开始引起关注是因为，谁在查看个人的数据影子、他们会从中得出什么结论、以及他们会在此结论的基础上采取何种行动，这些都是无法控制的。</p><p> <span word="This">This</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="happen">happen</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="employer">employer</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="fires">fires</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="employee">employee</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="Facebook">Facebook</span> <span word="friends">friends</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="photos">photos</span>. <span word="Data">Data</span> <span word="privacy">privacy</span> <span word="laws">laws</span> <span word="exist">exist</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="prevent">prevent</span> <span word="abuse">abuse</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="person">person</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="shadow">shadow</span>. <span word="Unfortunately">Unfortunately</span>, <span word="privacy">privacy</span> <span word="legislation">legislation</span> <span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="lags">lags</span> <span word="behind">behind</span> <span word="companies">companies</span>' <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="collect">collect</span>, <span word="compile">compile</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="analyze">analyze</span> <span word="data">data</span>.</p>
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