详解雅思听力的替换原则
<p> 在<span word="IELTS">IELTS</span>听力考试中，替换是出题者经常使用的一个原则，而且每套试题中都必然多次出现。在最近的<span word="CAMBRIDGE">CAMBRIDGE</span> <span word="III">III</span> 中，这种出题方式也得到了充分的体现。可见考生掌握这种题目的重要性了。</p><p> 这种替换出现在题干中的关键词和关键词组不会在原文中直接出现，而是通过一些语言手段在磁带中传递出来，迷惑考生，现将出题原则总结如下：</p><p> 1.同义词的替换。在剑桥<span word="III">III</span> 的第4套听力题目中，<span word="SPEAKER">SPEAKER</span> 在磁带中使用了<span word="downside">downside</span>，<span word="drawback">drawback</span>和<span word="weak">weak</span> <span word="point">point</span> 来代替题目中的<span word="disadvantage">disadvantage</span>,又如<span word="society">society</span> 和<span word="community">community</span>之间的替换，<span word="sign">sign</span>替换<span word="indication">indication</span>; <span word="cost">cost</span> 和<span word="price">price</span>等。</p><p> 2.同义词组的替换。例如：题目中的<span word="main">main</span> <span word="attraction">attraction</span> 在听力原文中可能是以<span word="you">you</span> <span word="cant">cant</span> <span word="miss">miss</span> <span word="particularly">particularly</span> 来表达的; 又如， <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span>=<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span>, <span word="aim">aim</span> <span word="at">at</span>= <span word="in">in</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="to">to</span>, <span word="high">high</span> <span word="labour">labour</span> <span word="turnover">turnover</span>=<span word="high">high</span> <span word="rate">rate</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="staff">staff</span> <span word="change">change</span>等常考的词组，请考生注意总结 。</p><p> 3.逻辑关系的替换。 这是考试中最难的一种替换关系。好在考在阅读部分的可能多。最常见的是因果关系的替换。原文中是<span word="A">A</span> <span word="affect">affect</span> <span word="B">B</span> ,那麽在答案中可能是以<span word="because">because</span> <span word="A">A</span> , <span word="B">B</span>的形式出现 .</p><p> 4.主动与被动的替换：例如，<span word="Coffee">Coffee</span> <span word="farming">farming</span> <span word="provides">provides</span> <span word="work">work</span> <span word="for">for</span> 30 <span word="million">million</span> <span word="people">people</span> 替换成了 30 <span word="million">million</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="earn">earn</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="living">living</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="growing">growing</span> <span word="coffee">coffee</span>.</p><p> 5.加减关系的替换：某题原文为<span word="Er">Er</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bottles">bottles</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="places">places</span> <span word="contain">contain</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="three">three</span>-<span word="quarters">quarters</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="glass">glass</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rest">rest</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="recycled">recycled</span>.该题题干为 <span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="bottle">bottle</span> <span word="makers">makers</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="about">about</span> __% <span word="recycled">recycled</span> <span word="glass">glass</span>.用总数1减去3/4得1/4，再转换成百分数即得答案，正确答案为25%</p>
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