雅思听力命题原则：替换与正态分布
<p> 在雅思听力考试中，替换是出题者经常使用的一个原则，而且每套试题中都必然多次出现。这种替换出现在题干中的关键词和关键词组不会在原文中直接出现，而是用同义或近义的表达替换出现。最常见的替换如下：</p><p> 1. 同义词替换。如 <span word="scientist">scientist</span> 和 <span word="researcher">researcher</span> 之间的替换，<span word="disadvantage">disadvantage</span> 和 <span word="drawback">drawback</span> 的替换，<span word="sign">sign</span>和<span word="indication">indication</span>的替换。</p><p> 2. 同义词组的替换。如：<span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="oneself">oneself</span> 替换 <span word="be">be</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="friendly">friendly</span></p><p> 3. 主动与被动的替换。<span word="The">The</span> <span word="passengers">passengers</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="rescued">rescued</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="boats">boats</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="pleasure">pleasure</span>-<span word="craft">craft</span> 替换 <span word="Boats">Boats</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="pleasure">pleasure</span>-<span word="craft">craft</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rescue">rescue</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="passengers">passengers</span>.</p><p> 4. 加减关系的替换。如，某题原文为 <span word="The">The</span> <span word="bottles">bottles</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="places">places</span> <span word="contain">contain</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="three">three</span>-<span word="quarters">quarters</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="glass">glass</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rest">rest</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="recycled">recycled</span>.</p><p> 该题题干为 <span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="bottle">bottle</span> <span word="makers">makers</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="about">about</span> __% <span word="recycled">recycled</span> <span word="glass">glass</span>.</p><p> 用总数 1 减去 得，再转换成百分数即得答案，正确答案为25%.</p><p> 考生答题时，如遇到某道题目题干原文关键词的替换出现，则应提高警惕，该题目的正确答案马上就会出现，切忌一味等待听力原文中会出现题目中的原文。根据该原则，如果考生在等待某一题目的相关信息时，下一道题目的替换已经出现，考生应注意自己可能已经漏掉了一道题目。</p><p> 正态分布原则 </p>
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