巧用总括语
<p>在英语写作中既要使用具体词，又要使用抽象词，关键是知道何时使用具体词，何时使用抽象词。作为抽象词的一种，总括语(<span word="summary">summary</span> <span word="words">words</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="expressions">expressions</span>)是总结一类事物的共性而产生出来的囊括其下属所有个体的单词或词组。一个总括词可以概括许多细目词，举例如下：</p><p><span word="recreation">recreation</span>：<span word="seeing">seeing</span> <span word="movies">movies</span>，<span word="watching">watching</span> <span word="TV">TV</span>，<span word="listening">listening</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="music">music</span>，<span word="singing">singing</span>，<span word="household">household</span> <span word="appliances">appliances</span>：<span word="TV">TV</span> <span word="set">set</span>，<span word="recorder">recorder</span>，<span word="telephone">telephone</span>，<span word="washing">washing</span></p><p><span word="machine">machine</span>，<span word="refrigerator">refrigerator</span>，<span word="air">air</span> <span word="conditioner">conditioner</span>，<span word="etc">etc</span>.</p><p><span word="sports">sports</span>：<span word="basketball">basketball</span>，<span word="football">football</span>，<span word="volleyball">volleyball</span>，<span word="baseball">baseball</span>，<span word="badminton">badminton</span>，<span word="fruit">fruit</span>：<span word="banana">banana</span>，<span word="pear">pear</span>，<span word="apple">apple</span>，<span word="orange">orange</span>，<span word="watermelon">watermelon</span>，<span word="date">date</span>，<span word="peach">peach</span>，在写作时巧妙地使用总括词可以使文句简洁明快，言简意赅。特别是在英文考试中，写作时间很有限，更需要用一些总括词来缩短篇幅，节省时间。例如：</p><p><span word="If">If</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="electric">electric</span> <span word="power">power</span>，<span word="recreational">recreational</span> <span word="activities">activities</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="canceled">canceled</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="household">household</span> <span word="appliances">appliances</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="use">use</span>-<span word="less">less</span>.</p><p>试想，如果将<span word="recreational">recreational</span> <span word="activities">activities</span>和<span word="household">household</span> <span word="appliances">appliances</span>换成它们的细目词，这个句子就会变得多么冗长乏力。但有些学生在写作时不会用总括词来代替写不完的细目词或者罗列举不完的例子，结果写出来的作文冗长而松散。细目或例子太多，会冲淡论点，甚至会使自己的写作偏离主题。由此可见，在必要时用总括词代替一长串细目词是一种写作技巧，它是人们说话少费口舌，写作少费笔墨的手段。</p>
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