托福听力材料(4):文科段子历史发展
<p>托福听力段子4. 文科段子：历史发展</p><p><span word="Last">Last</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="outlined">outlined</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Civil">Civil</span> <span word="War">War</span> <span word="finally">finally</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="started">started</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="talk">talk</span> <span word="today">today</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="management">management</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="sides">sides</span>: <span word="the">the</span> <span word="north">north</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="Abraham">Abraham</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="south">south</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="Jefferson">Jefferson</span> <span word="Davis">Davis</span>. <span word="An">An</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="task">task</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="presidents">presidents</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="justify">justify</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="citizens">citizens</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="necessary">necessary</span>. <span word="In">In</span> 1861, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="July">July</span> 4<span word="th">th</span>, <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="gave">gave</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="major">major</span> <span word="speech">speech</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="presented">presented</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="northern">northern</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="war">war</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="said">said</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="preserve">preserve</span> <span word="democracy">democracy</span>. <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="suggested">suggested</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="noble">noble</span> <span word="crusade">crusade</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="determine">determine</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="democracy">democracy</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="issue">issue</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="people">people</span>, <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="maintain">maintain</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="integrity">integrity</span>, <span word="could">could</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="remain">remain</span> <span word="complete">complete</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="survive">survive</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="domestic">domestic</span> <span word="foes">foes</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="could">could</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="discontented">discontented</span> <span word="individuals">individuals</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="meant">meant</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="southern">southern</span> <span word="rebellion">rebellion</span>, <span word="could">could</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="arbitrarily">arbitrarily</span> <span word="break">break</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="earth">earth</span>? <span word="The">The</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nation">nation</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="survive">survive</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="crush">crush</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rebellion">rebellion</span>. <span word="At">At</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="hopeful">hopeful</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="wouldnt">wouldnt</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="slave">slave</span> <span word="owners">owners</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="down">down</span> <span word="forever">forever</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="underestimated">underestimated</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="harder">harder</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Americans">Americans</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="since">since</span>, <span word="largely">largely</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="north">north</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="break">break</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="southern">southern</span> <span word="people">people</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="army">army</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="rallied">rallied</span> <span word="northerners">northerners</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="deep">deep</span> <span word="commitment">commitment</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="cause">cause</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="perceive">perceive</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="democratic">democratic</span> <span word="crusade">crusade</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="southern">southern</span> <span word="society">society</span>.</p>
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