实用英语写作的技巧 (第15单元)
<p>第十五单元 推展段落方法之七下定义法</p><p>15.1下定义法</p><p>下定义（<span word="definition">definition</span>）就是解释某事物是什么，不是什么。写下定义段落时，通常把概念或要下定义的事物置于一个大的类别中，然后解释该事物与同一类别的其它事物有何不同。下定义法多用作推展段落的辅助方法。</p><p>示范段落15－1</p><p><span word="A">A</span> <span word="pencil">pencil</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="instrument">instrument</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="paper">paper</span>.<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cylindrical">cylindrical</span> <span word="shape">shape</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="held">held</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="fingers">fingers</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hand">hand</span>.<span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="about">about</span> 6 <span word="inches">inches</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="and">and</span> 1／4 <span word="inch">inch</span> <span word="wide">wide</span>.<span word="At">At</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="eraser">eraser</span> <span word="attached">attached</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pencil">pencil</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="surrounding">surrounding</span> <span word="metal">metal</span> <span word="band">band</span>.<span word="Lead">Lead</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="material">material</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="used">used</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="marks">marks</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="paper">paper</span>，<span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sharpener">sharpener</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pencil">pencil</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="working">working</span> <span word="order">order</span>.<span word="Pencils">Pencils</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="various">various</span> <span word="kinds">kinds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="wood">wood</span>.</p><p>15.2示范段落分析</p><p>主题句：<span word="A">A</span> <span word="pencil">pencil</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="instrument">instrument</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="paper">paper</span>.细节：<span word="shape">shape</span>，<span word="material">material</span></p><p>15.3关于如何写下定义段落</p><p>1）以正式的定义开始</p><p>一个正式的定义段落通常把要定义的术语置于一个概类中，然后指出该术语与其它同类别事物有什么不同。在示范段落15－1中，要定义的术语是<span word="pencil">pencil</span>，属于概类<span word="instrument">instrument</span>。</p><p>2）用描述、举例或比较对比方法扩充定义</p><p>在正式的定义之后，必须更详细地解释该术语的意思，在示范段落15－1中用的是描述法，在示范段落13－1中，扩充<span word="courage">courage</span>概念用的是举例法。比较对比法也可以用于扩充定义，对比法陈述该事物不是什么，比较法陈述该事物象什么。</p>
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