实用英语写作的技巧 (第34单元)
<p> 第三十四单元 转换词语<span word="Transitional">Transitional</span> <span word="Words">Words</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Phrases">Phrases</span></p><p>34.1 <span word="Introduction">Introduction</span></p><p><span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="compositions">compositions</span>，<span word="we">we</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="use">use</span> <span word="transitional">transitional</span> <span word="words">words</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="phrases">phrases</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="logical">logical</span> <span word="connections">connections</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="sentences">sentences</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="paragraphs">paragraphs</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="enhance">enhance</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="overall">overall</span> <span word="coherence">coherence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="essay">essay</span>.<span word="Otnerwise">Otnerwise</span>，<span word="the">the</span> <span word="paragraph">paragraph</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="essaywill">essaywill</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="loosely">loosely</span> <span word="connected">connected</span>.<span word="To">To</span> <span word="see">see</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="difference">difference</span>，<span word="lets">lets</span> <span word="compare">compare</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="following">following</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="versions">versions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="paragraph">paragraph</span>：</p><p>(1)</p><p><span word="Speaking">Speaking</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="ways">ways</span>.<span word="Speech">Speech</span> <span word="depends">depends</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="sounds">sounds</span>.<span word="Writing">Writing</span> <span word="uses">uses</span> <span word="written">written</span> <span word="symbols">symbols</span>.<span word="Speech">Speech</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="about">about</span> 500，000 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>.<span word="Written">Written</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="comparatively">comparatively</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="development">development</span>.<span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="invented">invented</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="six">six</span> <span word="thousand">thousand</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>.<span word="Speech">Speech</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="Informal">Informal</span>.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="choice">choice</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="relatively">relatively</span> <span word="formal">formal</span>.<span word="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="accent">accent</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="ignored">ignored</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="writing">writing</span>.<span word="A">A</span> <span word="standard">standard</span> <span word="diction">diction</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="spelling">spelling</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="prevails">prevails</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="writtenlanguage">writtenlanguage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="countries">countries</span>.<span word="Speech">Speech</span> <span word="relies">relies</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="gesture">gesture</span>，<span word="loudness">loudness</span>，<span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fall">fall</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="voice">voice</span>.<span word="Writing">Writing</span> <span word="lacks">lacks</span> <span word="gesture">gesture</span>，<span word="loudness">loudness</span>，<span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fall">fall</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="voice">voice</span>.<span word="Careful">Careful</span> <span word="speakers">speakers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="writers">writers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="aware">aware</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="difference">difference</span>.</p><p>(2)</p><p><span word="Speaking">Speaking</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="ways">ways</span>.<span word="Speech">Speech</span> <span word="depends">depends</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="sounds">sounds</span>;<span word="writing">writing</span>，<span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="hand">hand</span>，<span word="uses">uses</span> <span word="written">written</span> <span word="symbols">symbols</span>. <span word="Speech">Speech</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="about">about</span> 500，000 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>，<span word="but">but</span> <span word="written">written</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="comparatively">comparatively</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="development">development</span>，<span word="invented">invented</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="six">six</span> <span word="thousand">thousand</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>.<span word="Speech">Speech</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="usually">usually</span> <span word="informal">informal</span>，<span word="while">while</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="choice">choice</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="writing">writing</span>，<span word="by">by</span> <span word="contrast">contrast</span>，<span word="is">is</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="relatively">relatively</span> <span word="formal">formal</span>.<span word="Although">Although</span> <span word="pronunciation">pronunciation</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="accent">accent</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="ignored">ignored</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="writing">writing</span>，<span word="a">a</span> <span word="standard">standard</span> <span word="diction">diction</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="spelling">spelling</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="prevails">prevails</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="written">written</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="countries">countries</span>.<span word="Speech">Speech</span> <span word="relies">relies</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="gesture">gesture</span>，<span word="loudness">loudness</span>，<span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rise">rise</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fall">fall</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="voice">voice</span>，<span word="but">but</span> <span word="writing">writing</span> <span word="lacks">lacks</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="features">features</span>.<span word="Careful">Careful</span> <span word="speakers">speakers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="writers">writers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="aware">aware</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="differences">differences</span>.</p>
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