2013年GMAT考试阅读理解模拟试题(10)
<p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="density">density</span> <span word="dependence">dependence</span> <span word="model">model</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="founding">founding</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="specialist">specialist</span> <span word="firms">firms</span> (<span word="those">those</span> <span word="attempting">attempting</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="serve">serve</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="narrow">narrow</span> <span word="target">target</span> <span word="market">market</span>). <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="model">model</span>, <span word="specialist">specialist</span> <span word="foundings">foundings</span> <span word="hinge">hinge</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="interplay">interplay</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="legitimation">legitimation</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="competitive">competitive</span> <span word="forces">forces</span>, <span word="both">both</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="functions">functions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="density">density</span> (<span word="total">total</span> <span word="number">number</span>) <span word="of">of</span> <span word="firms">firms</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="particular">particular</span> <span word="specialist">specialist</span> <span word="population">population</span>. <span word="Legitimation">Legitimation</span> <span word="occurs">occurs</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="firm">firm</span> <span word="moves">moves</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="viewed">viewed</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="unfamiliar">unfamiliar</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="viewed">viewed</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="natural">natural</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="organize">organize</span>. <span word="At">At</span> <span word="low">low</span> <span word="density">density</span> <span word="levels">levels</span>, <span word="each">each</span> <span word="founding">founding</span> <span word="increases">increases</span> <span word="legitimation">legitimation</span>, <span word="reducing">reducing</span> <span word="barriers">barriers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="entry">entry</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="easing">easing</span> <span word="subsequent">subsequent</span> <span word="foundings">foundings</span>. <span word="Competition">Competition</span> <span word="occurs">occurs</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="resources">resources</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="firms">firms</span> <span word="seek">seek</span>--<span word="customers">customers</span>, <span word="suppliers">suppliers</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="employees">employees</span>--<span word="are">are</span> <span word="limited">limited</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="density">density</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="low">low</span> <span word="relative">relative</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="plentiful">plentiful</span> <span word="resources">resources</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="addition">addition</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="firm">firm</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="negligible">negligible</span> <span word="impact">impact</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="intensity">intensity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="competition">competition</span>. <span word="At">At</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="density">density</span> <span word="levels">levels</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="competitive">competitive</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="outweigh">outweigh</span> <span word="legitimation">legitimation</span> <span word="effects">effects</span>, <span word="discouraging">discouraging</span> <span word="foundings">foundings</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="numerous">numerous</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="competitors">competitors</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fiercer">fiercer</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="competition">competition</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="smaller">smaller</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="incentive">incentive</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="firms">firms</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="enter">enter</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="field">field</span>.</p><p> <span word="While">While</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="significant">significant</span> <span word="correspondence">correspondence</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="density">density</span> <span word="dependence">dependence</span> <span word="model">model</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="actual">actual</span> <span word="patterns">patterns</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="foundings">foundings</span>, <span word="other">other</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="patterns">patterns</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="consistent">consistent</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="model">model</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="explanation">explanation</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="inconsistency">inconsistency</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="legitimation">legitimation</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="competitive">competitive</span> <span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="transcend">transcend</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="boundaries">boundaries</span>, <span word="while">while</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="typically">typically</span> <span word="restrict">restrict</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="level">level</span>. <span word="Thus">Thus</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="national">national</span>-<span word="level">level</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="understate">understate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="legitimation">legitimation</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="competitive">competitive</span> <span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="number">number</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="foundings">foundings</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="industry">industry</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="internationally">internationally</span> <span word="integrated">integrated</span>. <span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="industries">industries</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="becoming">becoming</span> <span word="international">international</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="media">media</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="easily">easily</span> <span word="cross">cross</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="borders">borders</span>, <span word="so">so</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="legitimation">legitimation</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="overseas">overseas</span> <span word="foundings">foundings</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="firm">firm</span> <span word="becomes">becomes</span> <span word="established">established</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="United">United</span> <span word="States">States</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="transcends">transcends</span> <span word="borders">borders</span>, <span word="reduces">reduces</span> <span word="uncertainties">uncertainties</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="helps">helps</span> <span word="foundings">foundings</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="type">type</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="firm">firm</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="countries">countries</span>. <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="contexts">contexts</span>, <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="density">density</span> <span word="dependence">dependence</span> <span word="model">model</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="employ">employ</span> <span word="broader">broader</span> <span word="geographic">geographic</span> <span word="units">units</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="analysis">analysis</span>--<span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="finding">finding</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="model">model</span>\'<span word="s">s</span> <span word="operation">operation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="seen">seen</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="clearly">clearly</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="national">national</span> <span word="levels">levels</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="city">city</span> <span word="levels">levels</span>.</p>
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