2013年GMAT考试阅读模拟试题及答案8
<p> <span word="Virtually">Virtually</span> <span word="everything">everything</span> <span word="astronomers">astronomers</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="objects">objects</span> <span word="outside">outside</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="solar">solar</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="detection">detection</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="photons">photons</span>—<span word="quanta">quanta</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="electromagnetic">electromagnetic</span> <span word="radiation">radiation</span>. <span word="Yet">Yet</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="radiation">radiation</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="permeates">permeates</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span>: <span word="neutrinos">neutrinos</span>. <span word="With">With</span> (<span word="as">as</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="name">name</span> <span word="implies">implies</span>) <span word="no">no</span> <span word="electric">electric</span> <span word="charge">charge</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="negligible">negligible</span> <span word="mass">mass</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="neutrino">neutrino</span> <span word="interacts">interacts</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="particles">particles</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="rarely">rarely</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="neutrino">neutrino</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="cross">cross</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="entire">entire</span> <span word="universe">universe</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="traversing">traversing</span> <span word="substantial">substantial</span> <span word="aggregations">aggregations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="matter">matter</span>, <span word="without">without</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="absorbed">absorbed</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="deflected">deflected</span>. <span word="Neutrinos">Neutrinos</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="thus">thus</span> <span word="escape">escape</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="regions">regions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="kinds">kinds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="electromagnetic">electromagnetic</span> <span word="radiation">radiation</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="blocked">blocked</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="matter">matter</span>. <span word="Furthermore">Furthermore</span>, <span word="neutrinos">neutrinos</span> <span word="carry">carry</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="site">site</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="circumstances">circumstances</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="production">production</span>: <span word="therefore">therefore</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="detection">detection</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cosmic">cosmic</span> <span word="neutrinos">neutrinos</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wide">wide</span> <span word="variety">variety</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cosmic">cosmic</span> <span word="phenomena">phenomena</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span>.</p><p> <span word="But">But</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="scientists">scientists</span> <span word="detect">detect</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="particle">particle</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="interacts">interacts</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="infrequently">infrequently</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="matter">matter</span>? <span word="Twenty">Twenty</span>-<span word="five">five</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="Pauli">Pauli</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="hypothesis">hypothesis</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="neutrino">neutrino</span> <span word="existed">existed</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="actual">actual</span> <span word="detection">detection</span>: <span word="since">since</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="virtually">virtually</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="neutrinos">neutrinos</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="neutrinos">neutrinos</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="artificially">artificially</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="particle">particle</span> <span word="accelerators">accelerators</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="studied">studied</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="neutrino">neutrino</span> <span word="microscopes">microscopes</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="neutrino">neutrino</span> <span word="telescope">telescope</span>, <span word="capable">capable</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="detecting">detecting</span> <span word="cosmic">cosmic</span> <span word="neutrinos">neutrinos</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="difficult">difficult</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="construct">construct</span>. <span word="No">No</span> <span word="apparatus">apparatus</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="detect">detect</span> <span word="neutrinos">neutrinos</span> <span word="unless">unless</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="extremely">extremely</span> <span word="massive">massive</span>, <span word="because">because</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="mass">mass</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="synonymous">synonymous</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="huge">huge</span> <span word="numbers">numbers</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="nucleons">nucleons</span> (<span word="neutrons">neutrons</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="protons">protons</span>), <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="massive">massive</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="detector">detector</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="greater">greater</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="probability">probability</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="nucleon">nucleon</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="reacting">reacting</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="neutrino">neutrino</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="addition">addition</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="apparatus">apparatus</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="sufficiently">sufficiently</span> <span word="shielded">shielded</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="interfering">interfering</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="particles">particles</span>.</p>
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