煎蛋小学堂:英语百科(视频+中英字幕) 第19课:颠覆人类世界观的量子理论
<p><span word="To">To</span> <span word="understand">understand</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span>,<span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="ideas">ideas</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="pretty">pretty</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="everyone">everyone</span> <span word="agrees">agrees</span> <span word="on">on</span>.为了理解宇宙的真正本质，绝大多数人都会同意这几个概念。</p>比如空间和时间构成了客观现实。或者“任何物体都不能超过光速”，还有所发生的事情都是另一些事造成的。但是，我们人类都有自由选择权。这些概念构成了现代人对现实的观念。但有个问题，它们不能同时都是正确的。为什么？<span word="Well">Well</span>,<span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="quantum">quantum</span> <span word="world">world</span>,<span word="two">two</span> <span word="particles">particles</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="photons">photons</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="entangled">entangled</span>,<span word="so">so</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="observe">observe</span> <span word="one">one</span>,<span word="it">it</span> <span word="affects">affects</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span>,<span word="When">When</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="happens">happens</span>,<span word="we">we</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="sort">sort</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="weird">weird</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="travels">travels</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="particles">particles</span>,<span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="instantaneously">instantaneously</span>,<span word="faster">faster</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="speed">speed</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="light">light</span>.在量子世界中，两个光子或者其他微粒纠缠在一起，因此观测任意一方都会影响另一方。当这发生时，我们知道有一种奇怪的影响，会在粒子间传递 传递几乎是即刻的。速度比光速还快。<span word="But">But</span> <span word="according">according</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Einsteins">Einsteins</span> <span word="Theory">Theory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Special">Special</span> <span word="Relativity">Relativity</span>,<span word="Nothing">Nothing</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="travel">travel</span> <span word="faster">faster</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="light">light</span>.<span word="So">So</span> <span word="either">either</span> <span word="relativity">relativity</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="wrong">wrong</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="somehow">somehow</span> <span word="reality">reality</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="bigger">bigger</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="normal">normal</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="time">time</span>.<span word="But">But</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>,<span word="either">either</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="stuff">stuff</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="travels">travels</span> <span word="faster">faster</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="major">major</span> <span word="problem">problem</span>.<span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="woven">woven</span> <span word="together">together</span>,<span word="sending">sending</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="faster">faster</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="send">send</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="time">time</span>.<span word="And">And</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="kinds">kinds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="weird">weird</span> <span word="things">things</span>.<span word="like">like</span> <span word="effects">effects</span> <span word="happening">happening</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="them">them</span>.但是根据爱因斯坦的狭义相对论，任何物体无法超过光速。那么要么相对论错了，要么现实并不仅仅是常说的空间和时间。而事实上 无论如何超过光速的物体才是主要问题。因为空间和时间交织在一起，将影响因素超光速传送意味着你能把送到时间之前，这就意味着你能让各种奇异事件发生，比如后果在原因之前发生。<span word="How">How</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="work">work</span>?<span word="Well">Well</span>,<span word="just">just</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="quantum">quantum</span> <span word="particles">particles</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="sort">sort</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="places">places</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="once">once</span>,<span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="says">says</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="maybe">maybe</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="times">times</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="once">once</span>.<span word="This">This</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="basic">basic</span> <span word="level">level</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span>,<span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="maybe">maybe</span> <span word="meaningless">meaningless</span>,<span word="But">But</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="gets">gets</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="worse">worse</span>.那么它是怎么做到的？正如量子微粒可以在同一时间出现在两个地方一样，近期的研究说明，他们也可能呈现在两个不同的时间内，这就意味着在宇宙的最基本层面上，因果关系也许毫无意义。更糟的还在后面。<span word="At">At</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="heart">heart</span>,<span word="quantum">quantum</span> <span word="mechanics">mechanics</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="exactly">exactly</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="particle">particle</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="be">be</span>,<span word="It">It</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="gives">gives</span> <span word="probabilities">probabilities</span>.<span word="And">And</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="math">math</span>,<span word="we">we</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="precise">precise</span> <span word="prediction">prediction</span>.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="particle">particle</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="choose">choose</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="measure">measure</span> <span word="it">it</span>.在其核心内，量子力学永远不能告诉你微粒的精确位置，它只给出一些概率，这并不是说如果我们有更多的信息或者计算更精确，就能得到一个更精确的假设。我们发现粒子行为的唯一方法就是 去测量它.<span word="Until">Until</span> <span word="then">then</span>,<span word="it">it</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="fundamentally">fundamentally</span> <span word="random">random</span>.<span word="Unless">Unless</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="choosing">choosing</span> <span word="anything">anything</span>.<span word="If">If</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="rid">rid</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="choice">choice</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="measures">measures</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="particle">particle</span>,<span word="then">then</span> <span word="maybe">maybe</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="somehow">somehow</span> <span word="destined">destined</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="it">it</span>.<span word="That">That</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fundamental">fundamental</span> <span word="reality">reality</span> <span word="isnt">isnt</span> <span word="random">random</span>.<span word="But">But</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="will">will</span>.直到这时，本质上说它还是随机的，除非我们选择了一切，如果我们抛弃“自己可以选择何时通过什么方式测量微粒”这个观点，那么我们在某时某地找到它就是件命中注定的事了。这也就意味着现实的本质并非随机，但也意味着我们没有自由意志。<span word="We">We</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="belive">belive</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="choices">choices</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="illusions">illusions</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="consiousness">consiousness</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="side">side</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="completely">completely</span> <span word="predictable">predictable</span> <span word="chemical">chemical</span> <span word="reactions">reactions</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="brains">brains</span>.<span word="Or">Or</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="that">that</span>.<span word="So">So</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="relativity">relativity</span>,<span word="you">you</span> <span word="cant">cant</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="normal">normal</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="time">time</span>.<span word="If">If</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>,<span word="you">you</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="free">free</span> <span word="will">will</span>.我们得相信，我们所有的选择只是幻象，意识只是大脑中所发生的，完全可预知的化学反应的副产物，或者是类似的事情。如果你偏爱相对论 你就失去了常规的空间时间意识。如果你爱因果论，你就有自由意志。<span word="Our">Our</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="theories">theories</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="contradict">contradict</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="other">other</span>.<span word="Does">Does</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="science">science</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="wrong">wrong</span>?<span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="really">really</span>.<span word="Whats">Whats</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="brains">brains</span> <span word="evolve">evolve</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="understand">understand</span>.<span word="space">space</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="effect">effect</span>.<span word="because">because</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="mattered">mattered</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="survival">survival</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="evolutionary">evolutionary</span> <span word="history">history</span>.对于宇宙的运转方式，我们最好的几个理论都是互相矛盾。这是否意味着科学不科学。不仅如此。更可能的原因是 我们的大脑在进化中理解，空间和时间 或者因果关系，是因为这些事在人类的进化史上关乎到我们的存亡.<span word="But">But</span> <span word="while">while</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="maybe">maybe</span> <span word="important">important</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="humans">humans</span>.<span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="says">says</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="space">space</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="time">time</span>,<span word="or">or</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="effect">effect</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="key">key</span> <span word="features">features</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span>,<span word="That">That</span> <span word="doesnt">doesnt</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="reality">reality</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="controlled">controlled</span> <span word="by">by</span>.<span word="I">I</span> <span word="dont">dont</span> <span word="know">know</span>,<span word="invisible">invisible</span> <span word="unicorns">unicorns</span>?但尽管它们对我们人类可能很重要，没有什么东西说明空间和时间或者因果关系，一定是宇宙的主要特征，这并不意味着宇宙实际上是被，额... 隐形独角兽控制的？<span word="Just">Just</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="understanding">understanding</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="true">true</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="life">life</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="universe">universe</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="everything">everything</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="supposed">supposed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="easy">easy</span>.只是 理解事物的本质，比如生命 宇宙以及一切 从来都不是件简单的事。</p>
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