煎蛋小学堂:英语百科(视频+中英字幕) 第17课:说说动物圈里的成双成对
<p><span word="Monogamy">Monogamy</span>-<span word="the">the</span> <span word="practice">practice</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mating">mating</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="single">single</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="extended">extended</span> <span word="period">period</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="isnt">isnt</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="animal">animal</span> <span word="kingdom">kingdom</span>.<span word="Only">Only</span> <span word="about">about</span> 3% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="mammals">mammals</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="monogamous">monogamous</span>,<span word="and">and</span>,<span word="although">although</span> 95% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="birds">birds</span> <span word="pair">pair</span> <span word="off">off</span> (<span word="at">at</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="breeding">breeding</span> <span word="season">season</span>),<span word="paternity">paternity</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="revealed">revealed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="avian">avian</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="chock">chock</span>-<span word="full">full</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cheaters">cheaters</span>.一夫一妻制，在一段时间内只与一个配偶交配，在动物王国内并不流行。只有3%的哺乳动物施行一夫一妻制，同时，尽管95%的鸟类在至少一个繁殖季内成对出现，亲权鉴定实验显示 鸟类世界里尽是偷吃者.<span word="The">The</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="loyal">loyal</span> <span word="bird">bird</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="superb">superb</span> <span word="fairywren">fairywren</span>: <span word="they">they</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="lifelong">lifelong</span> <span word="bonds">bonds</span> <span word="and">and</span>,<span word="if">if</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="watched">watched</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pair">pair</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="morning">morning</span> <span word="til">til</span> <span word="night">night</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="entire">entire</span> <span word="breeding">breeding</span> <span word="season">season</span>,<span word="youd">youd</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="perfectly">perfectly</span> <span word="faithful">faithful</span>.<span word="But">But</span> <span word="thats">thats</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="female">female</span> <span word="fairywrens">fairywrens</span> <span word="cheat">cheat</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="cover">cover</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="darkness">darkness</span>.最不忠诚鸟要数壮丽细尾鹩莺 它们结伴终生，并且，如果你在整个繁殖季的白天内观察一对鹩莺，可能会觉得它们挺忠诚的.但这只是因为鹩莺在夜幕的遮掩下偷情。<span word="Using">Using</span> <span word="radio">radio</span> <span word="transmitters">transmitters</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="track">track</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="movements">movements</span>,<span word="Researchers">Researchers</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="fertile">fertile</span> <span word="females">females</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="daily">daily</span>,<span word="pre">pre</span>-<span word="dawn">dawn</span> <span word="flights">flights</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="territories">territories</span>.<span word="These">These</span> <span word="trips">trips</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="about">about</span> 15 <span word="minutes">minutes</span>,<span word="but">but</span> <span word="apparently">apparently</span> <span word="thats">thats</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="enough">enough</span>.<span word="DNA">DNA</span> <span word="tests">tests</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="just">just</span> 25% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="baby">baby</span> <span word="superb">superb</span> <span word="fairywrens">fairywrens</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="fathers">fathers</span> <span word="biological">biological</span> <span word="offspring">offspring</span>.通过无线电发射器追踪其行踪，研究者发现 有生育能力的雌性每天黄昏前都会飞到其他地方。时间只有15分钟，不过显然够长了，<span word="DNA">DNA</span>测试显示，只有25%的壮丽细尾鹩莺是其父亲真正的后代。<span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="though">though</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="genetics">genetics</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="deflating">deflating</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="romantic">romantic</span> <span word="notions">notions</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="lovebirds">lovebirds</span>,<span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="biological">biological</span> <span word="standpoint">standpoint</span>,<span word="pairing">pairing</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="individual">individual</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="copulating">copulating</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="others">others</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="side">side</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="absolute">absolute</span> <span word="sexual">sexual</span> <span word="loyalty">loyalty</span>.即便现代基因学可能毁了我们对鸟儿赤诚的观念，从生物学角度而言，与一方结对但同时与多方交配，比绝对忠诚要有意义的多。<span word="For">For</span> <span word="birds">birds</span>,<span word="pairing">pairing</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="strategy">strategy</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="require">require</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="ton">ton</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="care">care</span>,<span word="so">so</span> <span word="males">males</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="chances">chances</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="successful">successful</span> <span word="reproduction">reproduction</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="stick">stick</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="lend">lend</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="beak">beak</span>.<span word="On">On</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="hand">hand</span>,<span word="putting">putting</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="ones">ones</span> <span word="eggs">eggs</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="single">single</span> <span word="basket">basket</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="risky">risky</span> <span word="proposition">proposition</span>,<span word="so">so</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="males">males</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="try">try</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="slip">slip</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="genetic">genetic</span> <span word="material">material</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="nests">nests</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="can">can</span>.对鸟类而言 结对很有意义 因为幼鸟需要极多的关照，如果雄性绕在周围帮帮忙的话 繁衍的成功率更大。另一方面 把蛋都放在一个篮子里很危险，因此雄性在可能的情况下把基因散播到其他巢内，也有它的道理，<span word="Females">Females</span>,<span word="of">of</span> <span word="course">course</span>,<span word="cant">cant</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="nest">nest</span>,<span word="but">but</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="sneak">sneak</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="guys">guys</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="eggs">eggs</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="varieties">varieties</span>,<span word="Cheating">Cheating</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="otherwise">otherwise</span> <span word="unexpected">unexpected</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="differences">differences</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="males">males</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="females">females</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="apparently">apparently</span> <span word="monogamous">monogamous</span> <span word="species">species</span>.<span word="Weve">Weve</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="solid">solid</span> <span word="explanation">explanation</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="male">male</span>/<span word="female">female</span> <span word="dimorphism">dimorphism</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="explicitly">explicitly</span> <span word="non">non</span>-<span word="monogamous">monogamous</span> <span word="species">species</span>:<span word="because">because</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="male">male</span> <span word="plans">plans</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="mate">mate</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="females">females</span>,<span word="he">he</span> <span word="needs">needs</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="win">win</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="affection">affection</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fend">fend</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="suitors">suitors</span>.当然雌性只能抱一个窝，但它们可以和其他雄性私交，让蛋有些多样性。偷吃可能也可以解释貌似一夫一妻制物种间，后代与父母间的令人意外的外表差异，我们早就对这种全无一夫一妻制的物种间“夫妻”二者，有了令人信服的解释。因为 如果雄性打算与其他多个雌性结对，它就得赢得雌性欢心 同时提防其他适合对象。<span word="Over">Over</span> <span word="thousands">thousands</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="generations">generations</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="traits">traits</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="successfully">successfully</span> <span word="mate">mate</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="pronounced">pronounced</span>,<span word="even">even</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="serve">serve</span> <span word="absolutely">absolutely</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="purpose">purpose</span>.<span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span> <span word="male">male</span> <span word="gorillas">gorillas</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="fight">fight</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="exclusive">exclusive</span> <span word="mating">mating</span> <span word="rights">rights</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="females">females</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="clan">clan</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="larger">larger</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="female">female</span> <span word="gorillas">gorillas</span>,<span word="while">while</span> <span word="male">male</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="female">female</span> <span word="gibbons">gibbons</span>,<span word="which">which</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="monogamous">monogamous</span>,<span word="are">are</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="size">size</span>.千世万代后 助其成功结对的特性，会越来越显著 即使它们没有其他任何用处，比如 为了获得领地内与雌性猩猩独一交配权而与他者，大打出手的猩猩比雌性大得多，而一夫一妻制的雌性长臂猿大小相近.<span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="brings">brings</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="favorite">favorite</span> <span word="primates">primates</span>,<span word="homo">homo</span> <span word="sapiens">sapiens</span>,<span word="There">There</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="undeniable">undeniable</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="differences">differences</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="males">males</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="females">females</span>,<span word="but">but</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="unclear">unclear</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="theyre">theyre</span> <span word="pronounced">pronounced</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="suggest">suggest</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="ancestors">ancestors</span> <span word="lived">lived</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="harems">harems</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="gorillas">gorillas</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="differences">differences</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="stem">stem</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="monogamous">monogamous</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="adulterous">adulterous</span> <span word="society">society</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="superb">superb</span> <span word="fairywrens">fairywrens</span>.现在该说说我们的最爱晚期智人了。他们雌雄性间的差异不可忽视，但还不清楚这是否足以证明，我们的祖先和猩猩一样 后宫三千 抑或是我们的跟植于，鹩莺般一夫一妻但偷情成性的社会里。<span word="But">But</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="clear">clear</span>:<span word="among">among</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Earth">Earth</span>,<span word="monogamy">monogamy</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="rare">rare</span>,<span word="and">and</span> <span word="monogamy">monogamy</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="cheating">cheating</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="rarer">rarer</span>.<span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span>,<span word="however">however</span>,<span word="at">at</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="known">known</span> <span word="example">example</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="perfect">perfect</span>,<span word="lifelong">lifelong</span> <span word="fidelity">fidelity</span>,<span word="and">and</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="name">name</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="Diplozoon">Diplozoon</span> <span word="paradoxum">paradoxum</span>,<span word="When">When</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="flatworms">flatworms</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="other">other</span>,<span word="they">they</span> <span word="literally">literally</span> <span word="fuse">fuse</span> <span word="together">together</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="looks">looks</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="single">single</span> <span word="organism">organism</span>,<span word="and">and</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="adultery">adultery</span>-<span word="free">free</span> <span word="union">union</span> <span word="lasts">lasts</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="entire">entire</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="amorous">amorous</span> <span word="lives">lives</span>.但有一点很清楚 地球上所有的生物中，一夫一妻极为少见，不偷吃的一夫一妻更罕见。不过，至少还有一个赤胆忠心的例子，它叫奇异双身吸虫。当两只年轻的吸虫相遇时，它们可说是融合在一起，形成貌似单一的有机体，这种忠贞的感情在它们漫长的一生内丝毫不变。<span word="Which">Which</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="spend">spend</span> <span word="sucking">sucking</span> <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="fishgills">fishgills</span>.<span word="A">A</span> <span word="truly">truly</span> <span word="romantic">romantic</span> <span word="attachment">attachment</span>!它们在一起，从鱼鳃中吸血，真浪漫的一对啊！</p>
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