煎蛋小学堂:英语百科(视频+中英字幕) 第13课:埃博拉病毒 怎么又是蝙蝠的错
<p><span word="Nipah">Nipah</span>,<span word="Hendra">Hendra</span>,<span word="Ebola">Ebola</span>,<span word="Marburg">Marburg</span>,<span word="SARS">SARS</span>,<span word="these">these</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="worlds">worlds</span> <span word="scariest">scariest</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span>,<span word="Hemorrhagic">Hemorrhagic</span> <span word="fevers">fevers</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="Ebola">Ebola</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="extremely">extremely</span> <span word="fatal">fatal</span>,<span word="They">They</span> <span word="kill">kill</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="to">to</span> 90% <span word="of">of</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="infected">infected</span>,<span word="While">While</span> <span word="SARS">SARS</span>,<span word="a">a</span> <span word="corona">corona</span> <span word="virus">virus</span>,<span word="has">has</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lower">lower</span> <span word="mortality">mortality</span> <span word="rate">rate</span>,<span word="but">but</span> <span word="spreads">spreads</span> <span word="incredibly">incredibly</span> <span word="rapidly">rapidly</span>.尼帕，亨德拉，埃博拉，马尔堡，非典型肺炎，它们都是世界上最危险的病毒。埃博拉病毒这类出血热极其致命。它们会杀死高达90%的受感染者。尽管冠状病毒<span word="SARS">SARS</span>的致病率没那么高，但它传播得快。</p>这些臭名昭著的病毒都是近50年内出现在人类中的。而其携带者均为蝙蝠。澄清一点，这真不是蝙蝠的错。最近（疫情）上升和爆发很可能由于，我们和我们的牲畜过深地侵入蝙蝠栖息地，尤其在热带地区。<span word="In">In</span> <span word="Malaysia">Malaysia</span>,<span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span>,<span word="the">the</span> <span word="spread">spread</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="commercial">commercial</span> <span word="pig">pig</span> <span word="farms">farms</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="bat">bat</span> <span word="inhabited">inhabited</span> <span word="forest">forest</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="outbreak">outbreak</span> <span word="via">via</span> <span word="pigs">pigs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Nipah">Nipah</span>,<span word="And">And</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Australia">Australia</span>,<span word="human">human</span> <span word="Hendra">Hendra</span> <span word="cases">cases</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="cropping">cropping</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="destruction">destruction</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="native">native</span> <span word="forest">forest</span>,<span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="fruit">fruit</span> <span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="feed">feed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="suburban">suburban</span> <span word="gardens">gardens</span>.例如，在马来西亚 商业养猪场扩散至蝙蝠栖息地的森林，造成尼帕病毒首次通过猪在人类中爆发。在澳大利亚，人类破坏原生森林，致使果蝠飞入郊区花园，使得亨德拉病毒浮出水面.<span word="But">But</span> <span word="still">still</span>,<span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="appear">appear</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="carrying">carrying</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="human">human</span>-<span word="killing">killing</span> <span word="diseases">diseases</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="pretty">pretty</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="animal">animal</span>.<span word="One">One</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="notable">notable</span> <span word="exceptions">exceptions</span>,<span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="love">love</span> <span word="company">company</span>,<span word="Different">Different</span> <span word="kinds">kinds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="roost">roost</span> <span word="together">together</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="huge">huge</span> <span word="numbers">numbers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="close">close</span> <span word="quarters">quarters</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="helps">helps</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span> <span word="spread">spread</span>,<span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="individuals">individuals</span>,<span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="species">species</span>.不过蝙蝠携带对人类致命病毒的数量的确超过绝大多数动物。一个主要原因是，除去特殊情况，蝙蝠喜欢群居，不同种蝙蝠会大量聚集在闭塞空间内，使得病毒在个体及种群间广泛传播。<span word="Whats">Whats</span> <span word="more">more</span>,<span word="most">most</span> <span word="infected">infected</span> <span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="dont">dont</span> <span word="die">die</span>,<span word="It">It</span> <span word="lives">lives</span> <span word="pretty">pretty</span> <span word="normal">normal</span> <span word="bat">bat</span> <span word="lives">lives</span>,<span word="flapping">flapping</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="giving">giving</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="spread">spread</span>.<span word="In">In</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>,<span word="flight">flight</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="resilient">resilient</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="infection">infection</span>.<span word="As">As</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rule">rule</span>,<span word="mammals">mammals</span> <span word="cant">cant</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="immense">immense</span> <span word="amounts">amounts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="energy">energy</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="flight">flight</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="producing">producing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lot">lot</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reactive">reactive</span> <span word="waste">waste</span> <span word="products">products</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="damage">damage</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="DNA">DNA</span>.另外，大多数受感染蝙蝠不会死亡。它仍活得好好的，四处飞行，让病毒得以蔓延。其实，蝙蝠很可能因为飞行而不易受感染。一般而言，哺乳动物无法在不产生损害<span word="DNA">DNA</span>的副产物之情况下产生可供飞行需要的大量能量。<span word="So">So</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="bat">bat</span> <span word="cousins">cousins</span> <span word="took">took</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="air">air</span>,<span word="they">they</span> <span word="level">level</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="in">in</span>-<span word="flight">flight</span> <span word="DNA">DNA</span> <span word="damage">damage</span> <span word="repair">repair</span> <span word="kits">kits</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="defenses">defenses</span>,<span word="including">including</span> <span word="specialize">specialize</span> <span word="cells">cells</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="viral">viral</span> <span word="invader">invader</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="check">check</span>.<span word="So">So</span> <span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="survive">survive</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="deadly">deadly</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span>,<span word="But">But</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="matter">matter</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="humans">humans</span> <span word="anyway">anyway</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span> <span word="survived">survived</span> <span word="bats">bats</span>.<span word="Nasty">Nasty</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span>,<span word="most">most</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="extremely">extremely</span> <span word="finicky">finicky</span>.当蝙蝠在空中飞行时，它们会增强飞行时<span word="DNA">DNA</span>修复能力及其他防护措施，包括可以抑制入侵者的特殊细胞。这样 蝙蝠就能百毒不侵。不过 对人类更重要的，是病毒如何在蝙蝠体内生存。尽管病毒恶名远扬 它们大多十分挑剔。<span word="In">In</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="thrive">thrive</span>,<span word="they">they</span> <span word="required">required</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="perfectly">perfectly</span> <span word="controlled">controlled</span> <span word="climate">climate</span> <span word="inside">inside</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="normal">normal</span> <span word="resting">resting</span>-<span word="on">on</span>-<span word="the">the</span> <span word="ground">ground</span> <span word="mammal">mammal</span>,<span word="But">But</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="air">air</span>,<span word="their">their</span> <span word="internal">internal</span> <span word="temperatures">temperatures</span> <span word="cruise">cruise</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="around">around</span> 40℃.<span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="frequent">frequent</span> <span word="in">in</span>-<span word="flight">flight</span> <span word="saunas">saunas</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="toasty">toasty</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="average">average</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span>.<span word="But">But</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="hardy">hardy</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="evolved">evolved</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="tolerate">tolerate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heat">heat</span>.<span word="which">which</span> <span word="incidentally">incidentally</span> <span word="means">means</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="definitely">definitely</span> <span word="weather">weather</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="meager">meager</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="fever">fever</span>.为了生存 它们需要陆生哺乳动物体内，这样精确控制的温度，而当蝙蝠飞行时，其体温将上升到40℃左右，一般病毒难以承受这种频繁的“桑拿浴”，而少数坚强的病毒则进化得能承受这种热度。也就是说 人体发烧的温度对它们只是小菜一碟。<span word="Essentially">Essentially</span>,<span word="flight">flight</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="helped">helped</span> <span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="gain">gain</span> <span word="virtual">virtual</span> <span word="immunity">immunity</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="trained">trained</span> <span word="viruses">viruses</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="virtually">virtually</span> <span word="immune">immune</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="us">us</span>.<span word="Stupid">Stupid</span> <span word="flying">flying</span>.<span word="So">So</span>,<span word="what">what</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="land">land</span>-<span word="lovers">lovers</span> <span word="do">do</span>?<span word="We">We</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="insect">insect</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="pollination">pollination</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="whole">whole</span> <span word="bunch">bunch</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="things">things</span>.<span word="Maybe">Maybe</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="immune">immune</span> <span word="tricks">tricks</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="them">them</span>,<span word="like">like</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="really">really</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="getting">getting</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span>.所以 飞行帮助蝙蝠产生病毒的免疫力，也让病毒对我们“免疫”。飞泥煤啊，那么，对土地爱得深沉的我们该怎么办？我们需要蝙蝠来控制昆虫 传播花粉等等。也许我们还能像向他们学习些免疫技巧，比如怎样避免癌症。<span word="Plus">Plus</span>,<span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="arent">arent</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="biggest">biggest</span> <span word="carriers">carriers</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="disease">disease</span>.<span word="Humans">Humans</span> <span word="are">are</span>,<span word="Just">Just</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="math">math</span>!<span word="Perhaps">Perhaps</span> <span word="wed">wed</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="leaving">leaving</span> <span word="bats">bats</span> <span word="alone">alone</span>.<span word="and">and</span> <span word="trying">trying</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="spread">spread</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="diseases">diseases</span> <span word="carried">carried</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="kind">kind</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="flying">flying</span> <span word="mammal">mammal</span>.另外 蝙蝠并不是人类病毒的最大携带者。人类才是，这还用说，也许，我们最好别再打扰蝙蝠，并控制另一种“飞行”哺乳动物所传播的疾病。</p>
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