为什么美国人称火鸡为#34;土耳其#34;
<p><span word="How">How</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="New">New</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="bird">bird</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="named">named</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="countries">countries</span> <span word="halfway">halfway</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="globe">globe</span>.这种新世界的鸟类为什么会以半个地球外的国家的名字来命名。<span word="Within">Within</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="turkey">turkey</span> <span word="lies">lies</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tangled">tangled</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>.在土耳其境内有着错综复杂的世界历史。</p>好吧，或许并非如此，但也相差无几了。<span word="Turkey">Turkey</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bird">bird</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="native">native</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="North">North</span> <span word="America">America</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="turkey">turkey</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="geographic">geographic</span> <span word="mess">mess</span>—<span word="a">a</span> <span word="tribute">tribute</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="vagaries">vagaries</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="colonial">colonial</span> <span word="trade">trade</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="conquest">conquest</span>. <span word="As">As</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="suspected">suspected</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="avian">avian</span> <span word="creature">creature</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="comes">comes</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Turkey">Turkey</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span>. <span word="Or">Or</span>, <span word="more">more</span> <span word="precisely">precisely</span>, <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Turkish">Turkish</span> <span word="merchants">merchants</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 15<span word="th">th</span> <span word="and">and</span> 16<span word="th">th</span> <span word="centuries">centuries</span>.火鸡这种鸟是原产于北美洲。但是<span word="turkey">turkey</span>一词来源是一种地理上的大杂烩 — — 是对殖民地贸易和征服的异想天开的献礼。你可能认为这种鸟类的英文名字可能来自于土耳其这个国家的名字。或者，更确切地说，从第十五和十六世纪的土耳其商人那里得名。<span word="How">How</span> <span word="exactly">exactly</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="word">word</span> <span word="turkey">turkey</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="language">language</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="dispute">dispute</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="linguist">linguist</span> <span word="Mario">Mario</span> <span word="Pei">Pei</span> <span word="theorized">theorized</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="five">five</span> <span word="centuries">centuries</span> <span word="ago">ago</span>, <span word="Turks">Turks</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="commercial">commercial</span> <span word="hub">hub</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Constantinople">Constantinople</span> (<span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Ottomans">Ottomans</span> <span word="conquered">conquered</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mid">mid</span>-15<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span>) <span word="sold">sold</span> <span word="wild">wild</span> <span word="fowl">fowl</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Guinea">Guinea</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="West">West</span> <span word="Africa">Africa</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="European">European</span> <span word="markets">markets</span>, <span word="leading">leading</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="English">English</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="refer">refer</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bird">bird</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="turkey">turkey</span> <span word="cock">cock</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="turkey">turkey</span> <span word="coq">coq</span> (<span word="coq">coq</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="French">French</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="rooster">rooster</span>”), <span word="and">and</span> <span word="eventually">eventually</span> <span word="turkey">turkey</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="short">short</span>. <span word="When">When</span> <span word="British">British</span> <span word="settlers">settlers</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="applied">applied</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="terms">terms</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wild">wild</span> <span word="fowl">fowl</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="spotted">spotted</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="New">New</span> <span word="World">World</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="though">though</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="birds">birds</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="species">species</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="African">African</span> <span word="counterparts">counterparts</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="etymology">etymology</span> <span word="expert">expert</span> <span word="Mark">Mark</span> <span word="Forsyth">Forsyth</span>, <span word="meanwhile">meanwhile</span>, <span word="claims">claims</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Turkish">Turkish</span> <span word="traders">traders</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="guinea">guinea</span> <span word="fowl">fowl</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="England">England</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Madagascar">Madagascar</span>, <span word="off">off</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="coast">coast</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="southeast">southeast</span> <span word="Africa">Africa</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Spanish">Spanish</span> <span word="conquistadors">conquistadors</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="introduced">introduced</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="fowl">fowl</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="conflated">conflated</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="turkeys">turkeys</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Madagascar">Madagascar</span>. <span word="Dan">Dan</span> <span word="Jurafsky">Jurafsky</span>, <span word="another">another</span> <span word="linguist">linguist</span>, <span word="argues">argues</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Europeans">Europeans</span> <span word="imported">imported</span> <span word="guinea">guinea</span> <span word="fowl">fowl</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</span> (<span word="which">which</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="mixed">mixed</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="India">India</span>) <span word="via">via</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Mamluk">Mamluk</span> <span word="Turks">Turks</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="confused">confused</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="birds">birds</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="North">North</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="fowl">fowl</span> <span word="shipped">shipped</span> <span word="across">across</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Atlantic">Atlantic</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Portuguese">Portuguese</span>.“土耳其”这个单词如何出现在英语语言中依然有争议。语言学家<span word="Mario">Mario</span> 裴理推测大概在五个多世纪前，君士坦丁堡这个商业中心的土耳其人 (在15 世纪中叶被土耳其人征服）将来自西非几内亚的野禽（即珍珠鸡）卖到欧洲市场 ，所以那时的英国人称这种鸟为土耳其公鸡，并最终以土耳其来简称这种动物。当英国移民抵达（美国）马萨诸塞州时，在这块新大陆上他们用同一个词来称呼他们在这片土地上看到的野禽，尽管这里的野禽不同于非洲的那种。词源学专家马克福赛思说土耳其商人把几内亚的这种野禽从马达加斯加带到英国，而西班牙征服者把美洲的野禽引到欧洲，所以就和来自马达加斯加的“土耳其”混合在一起了。丹 <span word="Jurafsky">Jurafsky</span>，另一个语言学家，认为欧洲人通过马穆鲁克土耳其人从埃塞俄比亚 (有时候人们将埃塞俄比亚同印度混在一起了） 进口几内亚野禽，然后与葡萄牙通过大西洋从北美进口的野禽混淆在一起了。</p>
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