在一场军事政变中阅读柏拉图
罗贝托·波拉尼奥(<span word="Roberto">Roberto</span> <span word="Bolao">Bolao</span>)于2003年逝世，享年50岁，他的作品中有很多尖刻的欢乐，比如他认为文化是个婊子，特别是文学文化。面对政治压迫、巨变与危险，作家们依然迷恋文字，对于波拉尼奥来说，这是崇高感与黑色幽默的源泉。在他的小说《荒野侦探》(<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Savage">Savage</span> <span word="Detectives">Detectives</span>)中，两个热心的拉丁美洲年轻诗人一直都未失去对纯净艺术的信念，不管年龄增长，生活与政治发生变迁。他们有时很可笑，但他们一直都有英雄气概。但在他那非凡的、令人不安的中篇小说《智利之夜》(<span word="By">By</span> <span word="Night">Night</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Chile">Chile</span>)中，他问我们，也扪心自问：当军政府在地下室拷问他人的时候，知识分子精英能写诗，能绘画，能讨论先锋戏剧中更精妙的东西，这一切究竟有什么意义？文字没有国界、没有政治倾向；是任何想要成为主人者都能召唤出来的精灵。波拉尼奥的精灵以仿佛能切断读者双手般的犀利反讽发问：我们是不是太容易就在艺术中找到安慰，这个世界忙着对生活中真实的人们做出真实残酷的事情，而我们是不是太容易就把艺术当做麻醉、借口与隐藏之地了？在一场军事政变中阅读柏拉图究竟是一种勇敢，还是别的什么？“<span word="Nazi">Nazi</span> <span word="Literature">Literature</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Americas">Americas</span>,” <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wicked">wicked</span>, <span word="invented">invented</span> <span word="encyclopedia">encyclopedia</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="imaginary">imaginary</span> <span word="fascist">fascist</span> <span word="writers">writers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="literary">literary</span> <span word="tastemakers">tastemakers</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="Bolao">Bolao</span> <span word="playing">playing</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="sharp">sharp</span>, <span word="twisting">twisting</span> <span word="knives">knives</span>. <span word="As">As</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="Borges">Borges</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="wisecracking">wisecracking</span>, <span word="sardonic">sardonic</span> <span word="son">son</span>, <span word="Bolao">Bolao</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="meticulously">meticulously</span> <span word="created">created</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="tightly">tightly</span> <span word="woven">woven</span> <span word="network">network</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="far">far</span>-<span word="right">right</span> <span word="litt">litt</span>é<span word="rateurs">rateurs</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="purveyors">purveyors</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="belles">belles</span> <span word="lettres">lettres</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="whom">whom</span> <span word="Hitler">Hitler</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="beauty">beauty</span>, <span word="truth">truth</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="lost">lost</span> <span word="hope">hope</span>. <span word="Cross">Cross</span>-<span word="referenced">referenced</span>, <span word="complete">complete</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="bibliography">bibliography</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="biographical">biographical</span> <span word="list">list</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="secondary">secondary</span> <span word="figures">figures</span>, “<span word="Nazi">Nazi</span> <span word="Literature">Literature</span>” <span word="is">is</span> <span word="composed">composed</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="series">series</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sketches">sketches</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="compressed">compressed</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="stories">stories</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="writers">writers</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="North">North</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="South">South</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="existed">existed</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="easily">easily</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="have">have</span>. <span word="Goose">Goose</span>-<span word="stepping">stepping</span> <span word="caricatures">caricatures</span> à <span word="la">la</span> “<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Producers">Producers</span>” <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="not">not</span>; <span word="instead">instead</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="frighteningly">frighteningly</span> <span word="subtle">subtle</span>, <span word="poignant">poignant</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="plausible">plausible</span>. <span word="Like">Like</span> <span word="Leni">Leni</span> <span word="Riefenstahl">Riefenstahl</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="artistes">artistes</span> <span word="Bolao">Bolao</span> <span word="invents">invents</span> <span word="share">share</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="Romantic">Romantic</span> <span word="aesthetic">aesthetic</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="taste">taste</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="classic">classic</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="nonvulgar">nonvulgar</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="dislike">dislike</span> <span word="of">of</span> “<span word="cacophony">cacophony</span>” <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="lurking">lurking</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="gone">gone</span> <span word="terribly">terribly</span> <span word="wrong">wrong</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="world">world</span> — <span word="that">that</span> <span word="children">children</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="instance">instance</span>, <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> “<span word="stolen">stolen</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="raised">raised</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="inferior">inferior</span> <span word="races">races</span>” <span word="and">and</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Fourth">Fourth</span> <span word="Reich">Reich</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="imminent">imminent</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="mention">mention</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Jews">Jews</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="undesirables">undesirables</span>; <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="death">death</span> <span word="camps">camps</span>; <span word="World">World</span> <span word="War">War</span> <span word="II">II</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="passing">passing</span> <span word="reference">reference</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="best">best</span>. <span word="Instead">Instead</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="straight">straight</span> <span word="face">face</span>, <span word="Bolao">Bolao</span> <span word="narrates">narrates</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Nazi">Nazi</span> <span word="writers">writers</span>’ <span word="tireless">tireless</span> <span word="imaginations">imaginations</span>, <span word="their">their</span> <span word="persistence">persistence</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="face">face</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="goes">goes</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="them">them</span>, <span word="their">their</span> <span word="contrarian">contrarian</span> <span word="determination">determination</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="continue">continue</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="write">write</span> <span word="books">books</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="unread">unread</span>, <span word="unreviewed">unreviewed</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="largely">largely</span> <span word="unnoticed">unnoticed</span>. <span word="They">They</span>’<span word="re">re</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="losers">losers</span> <span word="but">but</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="incredible">incredible</span> <span word="passion">passion</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="remain">remain</span> <span word="steadfastly">steadfastly</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="denial">denial</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>, <span word="churning">churning</span> <span word="away">away</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="refutations">refutations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Voltaire">Voltaire</span>, <span word="Rousseau">Rousseau</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Sartre">Sartre</span>; <span word="their">their</span> <span word="verses">verses</span> <span word="vindicating">vindicating</span> <span word="Il">Il</span> <span word="Duce">Duce</span>; <span word="their">their</span> <span word="novels">novels</span> <span word="decrying">decrying</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="decline">decline</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="piety">piety</span>; <span word="their">their</span> <span word="Aryan">Aryan</span> <span word="literary">literary</span> <span word="societies">societies</span>. <span word="Like">Like</span> <span word="Riefenstahl">Riefenstahl</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="find">find</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="highest">highest</span> <span word="beauty">beauty</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="particular">particular</span> <span word="sort">sort</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="symmetry">symmetry</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="retrospect">retrospect</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="indubitably">indubitably</span> <span word="fascist">fascist</span>. <span word="Horribly">Horribly</span>, <span word="persistently">persistently</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="vision">vision</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="incapable">incapable</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="giving">giving</span> <span word="up">up</span>.《美洲纳粹文学》(<span word="Nazi">Nazi</span> <span word="Literature">Literature</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Americas">Americas</span>)是一部顽皮的、杜撰出来的百科全书，里面记载了想象出来的纳粹作家和文学风潮领头人，书中波拉尼奥如同在挥舞一把犀利、扭曲的刀子。他仿佛博尔赫斯(<span word="Borges">Borges</span>)爱冷笑的淘气儿子，小心翼翼地创造出一张严密的，由极右文学家与美文创作者构成的大网，对于他们来说，希特勒意味着美、真理与伟大的失落希望。《美洲纳粹文学》由一系列人物速写组成，是虚构的南北美洲作家们的生平简史，还有参考书目和二流人物的传记书目为它提供相互参照和补充，但生活里很容易找到这样的人。他们并不是《金牌制作人》(<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Producers">Producers</span>)中踢着正步的漫画式人物，而是极度微妙、深刻、真实可信。波拉尼奥创造出的人物就像雷尼·瑞芬舒丹(<span word="Leni">Leni</span> <span word="Riefenstahl">Riefenstahl</span>)一样，信奉浪漫主义美学，有古典和新平民审美，讨厌“不和谐”，潜意识里认为现代世界是大错特错的——比如说，他们觉得孩子们“被低等种族偷窃和养育”，觉得在第四帝国统治之下，更好的世界近在眼前。书中没有提到犹太人和其他不受欢迎的人；也没有集中营；“二战”顶多只是已经过去的东西。相反，波拉尼奥一本正经地叙述纳粹作家们无穷尽的想象，他们一直顽强对抗着不利于自己的世界史，他们特立独行地写着无人阅读、无人评论、基本无人关注的书籍。他们是失败者，但又以惊人的热情，坚定不移地对抗他们是失败者这个事实，同时还不断驳斥伏尔泰(<span word="Voltaire">Voltaire</span>)、卢梭(<span word="Rousseau">Rousseau</span>)和萨特(<span word="Sartre">Sartre</span>)；他们用诗歌为墨索里尼辩护、他们的小说哀悼神性的衰亡；他们结成雅利安文学社团。和瑞芬舒丹一样，他们在特定形式的对称与秩序中发现至上之美，这种对称与秩序人们只有在事后才觉得是法西斯主义无疑。他们有一种既可怕又顽固的幻觉，认为自己不能放弃。<span word="They">They</span> <span word="are">are</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="words">words</span>, <span word="writers">writers</span>. <span word="Substitute">Substitute</span>, <span word="say">say</span>, “<span word="language">language</span> <span word="poetry">poetry</span>” <span word="for">for</span> “<span word="fascism">fascism</span>” <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="trajectory">trajectory</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="invented">invented</span> <span word="lives">lives</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="busy">busy</span> <span word="networks">networks</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="writers">writers</span> <span word="Bolao">Bolao</span> <span word="knew">knew</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="inside">inside</span> <span word="out">out</span>. <span word="Whereas">Whereas</span> <span word="in">in</span> “<span word="By">By</span> <span word="Night">Night</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Chile">Chile</span>” <span word="Bolao">Bolao</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="dissection">dissection</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="hypocrisy">hypocrisy</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="bad">bad</span> <span word="faith">faith</span> (<span word="the">the</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="character">character</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="morally">morally</span> <span word="bankrupt">bankrupt</span> <span word="priest">priest</span> <span word="allied">allied</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="junta">junta</span>) <span word="is">is</span> <span word="swift">swift</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="merciless">merciless</span>, <span word="here">here</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="writer">writer</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="couldn">couldn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="filigreeing">filigreeing</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="endless">endless</span> <span word="perfect">perfect</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="revealing">revealing</span> <span word="details">details</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="lost">lost</span> <span word="souls">souls</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="laughable">laughable</span> <span word="oeuvres">oeuvres</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="couldn">couldn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="entirely">entirely</span> <span word="resist">resist</span> <span word="them">them</span>. <span word="As">As</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fellow">fellow</span> <span word="traveler">traveler</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="knew">knew</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="pit">pit</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="invented">invented</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="ratty">ratty</span> <span word="pages">pages</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="firmly">firmly</span> <span word="stated">stated</span> <span word="values">values</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="world">world</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="imaginary">imaginary</span> <span word="Ernesto">Ernesto</span> <span word="P">P</span>é<span word="rez">rez</span> <span word="Mas">Mas</span>ó<span word="n">n</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="pounds">pounds</span> <span word="away">away</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="novella">novella</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="is">is</span> “<span word="an">an</span> <span word="erotic">erotic</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fiercely">fiercely</span> <span word="anti">anti</span>-<span word="U">U</span>.<span word="S">S</span>.<span word="A">A</span>. <span word="fantasy">fantasy</span>, <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="protagonists">protagonists</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="General">General</span> <span word="Eisenhower">Eisenhower</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="General">General</span> <span word="Patton">Patton</span>”; <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mysterious">mysterious</span> <span word="beauty">beauty</span> <span word="Daniela">Daniela</span> <span word="de">de</span> <span word="Montecristo">Montecristo</span>, <span word="who">who</span> <span word="loved">loved</span> <span word="Italian">Italian</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="German">German</span> <span word="generals">generals</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="War">War</span> <span word="II">II</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="wrote">wrote</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="epic">epic</span> <span word="novel">novel</span> <span word="called">called</span> “<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Amazons">Amazons</span>”; <span word="Max">Max</span> <span word="Mirebalais">Mirebalais</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ceaseless">ceaseless</span> <span word="plagiarist">plagiarist</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="sought">sought</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="combine">combine</span> <span word="Nazism">Nazism</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="negritude">negritude</span>: <span word="the">the</span> <span word="heinousness">heinousness</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="philosophy">philosophy</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="thing">thing</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="distinguishes">distinguishes</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="writer">writer</span>, <span word="anywhere">anywhere</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="Moreover">Moreover</span>, <span word="literature">literature</span>, <span word="Bolao">Bolao</span> <span word="writes">writes</span>, “<span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="surreptitious">surreptitious</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="violence">violence</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="passport">passport</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="respectability">respectability</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="can">can</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="certain">certain</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sensitive">sensitive</span> <span word="nations">nations</span>, <span word="disguise">disguise</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="social">social</span> <span word="climber">climber</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="origins">origins</span>.”换言之，他们是作家。如果用“文体诗”取代“法西斯”，这些虚构人物的生命轨迹就和波拉尼奥熟悉的那些真实生活中忙碌的作家们没什么两样。然而在《智利之夜》中，波拉尼奥剖析出虚伪和坏的信仰是易变而残忍的（主角是一个道德败坏、与军政府合作的神父），而在这里，他心中作家的一面让他情不自禁地去浓墨重彩、栩栩如生地详尽描写这些失落的灵魂与他们的可笑行为；而且他似乎无法彻底否定他们。作为一个旅伴，他或许太了解如何在破损的书页上营造幻想的世界，以此抵御真实世界坚固不移的价值观。想象中的人物埃内斯托·佩雷斯·马松(<span word="Ernesto">Ernesto</span> <span word="P">P</span>é<span word="rez">rez</span> <span word="Mas">Mas</span>ó<span word="n">n</span>)努力创作他的中篇小说，称之为“一出性幻想，也是激烈的反美狂想，主角是艾森豪威尔将军与巴顿将军”；神秘的美女达妮埃拉·德·蒙特克里斯托(<span word="Daniela">Daniela</span> <span word="de">de</span> <span word="Montecristo">Montecristo</span>)热爱“二战”期间的意大利和德国将军们，写了一部名叫《亚马孙人》的史诗小说；不知疲倦的剽窃者马克斯·米雷巴莱斯(<span word="Max">Max</span> <span word="Mirebalais">Mirebalais</span>)想把纳粹和黑人传统文化自豪感结合起来。这些人信奉凶残的政治哲学，这是他们与其他任何时代、任何地点的作家们之间的唯一区别。波拉尼奥写道，文学“是暴力的一种隐秘形式，是通往名望的通行证，在某些年轻而敏感的国度，可以掩盖不择手段挤进上流社会者的出身”。<span word="Who">Who</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="literature">literature</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="real">real</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="affect">affect</span> <span word="history">history</span>? <span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="Bolao">Bolao</span> — <span word="for">for</span> <span word="him">him</span>, <span word="literature">literature</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="unnervingly">unnervingly</span> <span word="protean">protean</span>, <span word="amoral">amoral</span> <span word="force">force</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="uncanny">uncanny</span> <span word="powers">powers</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="invention">invention</span>, <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="justification">justification</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="mythification">mythification</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="mythmakers">mythmakers</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span>, <span word="certainly">certainly</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="matter">matter</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="Hitler">Hitler</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="won">won</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="instance">instance</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="entirely">entirely</span> <span word="absurd">absurd</span> <span word="stories">stories</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="encyclopedia">encyclopedia</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="prevailing">prevailing</span> <span word="stories">stories</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="culture">culture</span>. <span word="Is">Is</span> <span word="Nazi">Nazi</span> <span word="poetry">poetry</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="oxymoron">oxymoron</span>? <span word="Not">Not</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bit">bit</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="posits">posits</span> <span word="Bolao">Bolao</span>. <span word="On">On</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="contrary">contrary</span>, <span word="it">it</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="possible">possible</span>.谁说文学对历史没有影响力？波拉尼奥肯定不这么认为——对于他来说，文学令人不安地变化多端，是一种无关道德的力量，有着自我创造、自我辩解和自我神化的神秘能力。他认为，编纂神话的人确实非常重要。比如说，如果希特勒胜利了，这本百科全书中并非完全荒诞的故事会成为文学史上盛行的故事。“纳粹诗歌”是一种矛盾修辞吗？波拉尼奥认为，绝对不是。相反，它是非常有可能的。</p>
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