国外#34;退休后冒险家#34;是怎样炼成的
来自美国佛罗里达州坦帕市(<span word="Tampa">Tampa</span>)的财务顾问保罗·库斯玛(<span word="Paul">Paul</span> <span word="Cusma">Cusma</span>)说，他在打理客户资金的时候非常谨慎，为的是保证他们中间的退休者“不必重返工作岗位”。他还说，“我一直都是未雨绸缪。”<span word="But">But</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="job">job</span> -- <span word="watch">watch</span> <span word="out">out</span>. <span word="Mr">Mr</span>. <span word="Cusma">Cusma</span>, 36, <span word="rides">rides</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fastest">fastest</span> <span word="motorcycles">motorcycles</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="highway">highway</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="adrenaline">adrenaline</span> <span word="boost">boost</span>,<span word="he">he</span> <span word="says">says</span>, <span word="adding">adding</span>: <span word="If">If</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="lose">lose</span> <span word="focus">focus</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="second">second</span>, <span word="you">you</span> <span word="crash">crash</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="burn">burn</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="die">die</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="traveled">traveled</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Russia">Russia</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ride">ride</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="MiG">MiG</span> <span word="fighter">fighter</span> <span word="jet">jet</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> 1, 000 <span word="miles">miles</span> <span word="per">per</span> <span word="hour">hour</span>, <span word="soaring">soaring</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="as">as</span> 70, 000 <span word="feet">feet</span>. <span word="I">I</span> <span word="dont">dont</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="wake">wake</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="realize">realize</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="forgot">forgot</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="my">my</span> <span word="life">life</span>,<span word="he">he</span> <span word="says">says</span>.但是对下班以后的库斯玛，你可要当心喽。36岁的他在高速路上骑的是当今世界上最快的一种摩托车，他说这样做是为了“寻求刺激”。库斯玛还表示，“如果你走神一秒钟，你就可能会撞车、着火，甚至死亡。他还专程去过俄罗斯，为的是乘坐时速超过1,000英里（约1,600公里）、飞行高度高达70,000英尺（约213,360米）的米格(<span word="MiG">MiG</span>)战斗机。他说，“我不想哪天一觉醒来，却突然发觉自己并没有真正活过。”<span word="You">You</span> <span word="might">might</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="think">think</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="yourself">yourself</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="risk">risk</span>-<span word="taker">taker</span>. <span word="Think">Think</span> <span word="again">again</span>. <span word="Recent">Recent</span> <span word="studies">studies</span> <span word="using">using</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="experimental">experimental</span> <span word="tools">tools</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="upending">upending</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="belief">belief</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="persons">persons</span> <span word="appetite">appetite</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="mostly">mostly</span> <span word="inborn">inborn</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="unchanging">unchanging</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="crazy">crazy</span> <span word="gambles">gambles</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="complex">complex</span>. <span word="People">People</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="cautious">cautious</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="contexts">contexts</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="embrace">embrace</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="others">others</span>, <span word="depending">depending</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="factors">factors</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="familiarity">familiarity</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="setting">setting</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="emotions">emotions</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="findings">findings</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="exploding">exploding</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="stereotypes">stereotypes</span> -- <span word="that">that</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="innately">innately</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="cautious">cautious</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="men">men</span>, <span word="for">for</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="teenagers">teenagers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="inevitably">inevitably</span> <span word="risk">risk</span>-<span word="seekers">seekers</span>.你可能并不认为自己是一个冒险家。那么再仔细想想吧！虽然传统观念认为，一个人的风险偏好在很大程度上是与生俱来并且一成不变的，但是通过运用最新的实验工具，近期的研究正在着颠覆这一观念。事实上，促使人们做出疯狂冒险行为的原因要复杂得多。在某些环境下谨小慎微的人，在不同的环境下可能会勇于挑战风险，这具体取决于很多因素，比如人们对所处环境的熟悉程度以及他们当时的情绪。研究结果推翻了很多固有观念，比如，女人天生就比男人谨慎，以及青少年一定是追求刺激的人等。<span word="It">It</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="surprising">surprising</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wide">wide</span> <span word="variety">variety</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="risk">risk</span>-<span word="taking">taking</span>,<span word="says">says</span> <span word="Elke">Elke</span> <span word="Weber">Weber</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="professor">professor</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="international">international</span> <span word="business">business</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Columbia">Columbia</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="leading">leading</span> <span word="researcher">researcher</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="risk">risk</span>. <span word="Understanding">Understanding</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="roots">roots</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="risk">risk</span>-<span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="guide">guide</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="making">making</span> <span word="better">better</span> <span word="decisions">decisions</span>, <span word="she">she</span> <span word="says">says</span>. <span word="Some">Some</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="advance">advance</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="careers">careers</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="adventures">adventures</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="overestimate">overestimate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hazards">hazards</span>. <span word="Others">Others</span> <span word="race">race</span> <span word="quickly">quickly</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="thinking">thinking</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="dangerous">dangerous</span> <span word="risks">risks</span>.美国哥伦比亚大学(<span word="Columbia">Columbia</span> <span word="University">University</span>)国际商业管理学教授、风险领域的前沿学者埃尔克·韦伯(<span word="Elke">Elke</span> <span word="Weber">Weber</span>)表示，“得知促使人们采取风险行动的原因是如此多种多样真令人惊讶。”她还表示，搞清楚冒险行为产生的根源能够引导人们做出更好的决定。有些人渴望在职业上取得发展或开启新的冒险旅程，但他们却高估了风险。还有一些人行事草率，根本就没有考虑可能存在的危险。<span word="Getting">Getting</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="your">your</span> <span word="surroundings">surroundings</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="change">change</span> <span word="how">how</span> <span word="you">you</span> <span word="size">size</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="risk">risk</span>. <span word="Most">Most</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="overestimate">overestimate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="probability">probability</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="something">something</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="wrong">wrong</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="venture">venture</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="unfamiliar">unfamiliar</span> <span word="turf">turf</span>, <span word="says">says</span> <span word="Margie">Margie</span> <span word="Warrell">Warrell</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Melbourne">Melbourne</span>, <span word="Australia">Australia</span>-<span word="based">based</span> <span word="authority">authority</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="risk">risk</span>-<span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="coached">coached</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="U">U</span>.<span word="S">S</span>. <span word="executives">executives</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="employers">employers</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="overestimate">overestimate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="consequences">consequences</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="going">going</span> <span word="badly">badly</span>,<span word="says">says</span> <span word="Ms">Ms</span>. <span word="Warrell">Warrell</span>, <span word="author">author</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Stop">Stop</span> <span word="Playing">Playing</span> <span word="Safe">Safe</span>. <span word="With">With</span> <span word="experience">experience</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="realistic">realistic</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="learn">learn</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="handle">handle</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="consequences">consequences</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="failure">failure</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="step">step</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="comfort">comfort</span> <span word="zone">zone</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="build">build</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="tolerance">tolerance</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="risk">risk</span>-<span word="taking">taking</span>,<span word="she">she</span> <span word="says">says</span>.了解你周边的环境可以改变你对风险程度的评估。来自澳大利亚墨尔本、研究风险承担方面的权威玛吉·沃勒尔(<span word="Margie">Margie</span> <span word="Warrell">Warrell</span>)表示，当人们来到不熟悉的环境时，“多数人都会高估事情可能会出差错的概率”。沃勒尔曾经指导过很多美国的公司高管和雇主，并著有《别再打稳妥牌》(<span word="Stop">Stop</span> <span word="Playing">Playing</span> <span word="Safe">Safe</span>)一书。她说，“人们同时也会高估事情出差错后所带来的后果。”随着经历的累积，人们会变得越来越切合实际，并且意识到他们能够掌控失败所带来的后果。她说，“我们越经常踏出我们感觉踏实的地带，我们对风险的容忍度就会越高。”<span word="Mr">Mr</span>. <span word="Cusma">Cusma</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="athlete">athlete</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="practices">practices</span> <span word="martial">martial</span> <span word="arts">arts</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="regularly">regularly</span>, <span word="lending">lending</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="confidence">confidence</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="handling">handling</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="risks">risks</span>. <span word="Adventures">Adventures</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="MiG">MiG</span> <span word="flight">flight</span>, <span word="set">set</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2009 <span word="through">through</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Sarasota">Sarasota</span>, <span word="Fla">Fla</span>., <span word="travel">travel</span> <span word="company">company</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="Incredible">Incredible</span> <span word="Adventures">Adventures</span>, <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="emotional">emotional</span> <span word="outlet">outlet</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="says">says</span>.库斯玛是一名武术健将，并且经常健身，这让他具备了处理人身风险的自信。他说，搭乘米格战斗机这样的历险经历，为他提供了发泄冒险情绪的出口。库斯玛搭乘米格战斗机的行程是由位于佛罗里达州萨拉索塔(<span word="Sarasota">Sarasota</span>)的、一家名为“不可思议探险公司”(<span word="Incredible">Incredible</span> <span word="Adventures">Adventures</span>)的旅游公司安排的。<span word="Sometimes">Sometimes</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="environment">environment</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="shape">shape</span> <span word="risk">risk</span>-<span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span>. <span word="Jennifer">Jennifer</span> <span word="Bellinghausen">Bellinghausen</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Austin">Austin</span>, <span word="Texas">Texas</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="full">full</span>-<span word="time">time</span> <span word="caregiver">caregiver</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="disabled">disabled</span> <span word="mother">mother</span>, <span word="isnt">isnt</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="risk">risk</span>-<span word="taker">taker</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="thought">thought</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="getting">getting</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="tattoo">tattoo</span>. <span word="The">The</span> 39-<span word="year">year</span>-<span word="old">old</span> <span word="mother">mother</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="terrified">terrified</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="needles">needles</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="devotes">devotes</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="time">time</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="family">family</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="ventured">ventured</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="Moms">Moms</span> <span word="Tattoos">Tattoos</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Austin">Austin</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="friend">friend</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="getting">getting</span> <span word="one">one</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="atmosphere">atmosphere</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="shop">shop</span> <span word="changed">changed</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="mind">mind</span>. <span word="Owner">Owner</span> <span word="Deborah">Deborah</span> <span word="Obregon">Obregon</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="friendly">friendly</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="instant">instant</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="friends">friends</span>,<span word="Ms">Ms</span>. <span word="Bellinghausen">Bellinghausen</span> <span word="says">says</span>. <span word="Ms">Ms</span>. <span word="Obregon">Obregon</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="tattoo">tattoo</span> <span word="artist">artist</span> <span word="chatted">chatted</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="hour">hour</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Ms">Ms</span>. <span word="Bellinghausen">Bellinghausen</span> <span word="eventually">eventually</span> <span word="took">took</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="plunge">plunge</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="got">got</span> <span word="a">a</span> 3-<span word="inch">inch</span> <span word="ankle">ankle</span> <span word="tattoo">tattoo</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="kitty">kitty</span> <span word="cat">cat</span>,<span word="she">she</span> <span word="says">says</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="surprised">surprised</span> <span word="me">me</span>; <span word="Im">Im</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="risk">risk</span>-<span word="taker">taker</span>,<span word="she">she</span> <span word="says">says</span>.有些时候，环境能够塑造冒险举动。来自德克萨斯州奥斯汀(<span word="Austin">Austin</span>)的詹妮弗·别林斯豪森(<span word="Jennifer">Jennifer</span> <span word="Bellinghausen">Bellinghausen</span>)全职在家照顾她残疾的母亲，她不是一个爱冒险的人，也从来没想过去纹身。这位39岁、两个孩子的母亲害怕见针，她把全部时间都奉献给了家人。但是，数年以前，当她陪着一个想要纹身的朋友走进奥斯汀一家名为“妈妈纹身”(<span word="Moms">Moms</span> <span word="Tattoos">Tattoos</span>)的店铺时，她的观念便被这家店铺的气氛改变了。别林斯豪森表示，店主黛博拉·奥夫雷贡(<span word="Deborah">Deborah</span> <span word="Obregon">Obregon</span>)是那么友善，“我们瞬间就变成了要好的朋友”。别林斯豪森说道，奥夫雷贡和另一位纹身师花了一个多小时和她面谈，最终她鼓起勇气，在脚踝处纹上了一只3英寸（约7.6厘米）大的“小猫”。她还说，“我自己也很吃惊；我并不是个爱冒险的人。”</p>
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