叙利亚之旅: 梦般繁华,存于梦中,战火既起,昨日已逝
“他们毁了我的国家。”<span word="Ahmad">Ahmad</span>哽咽道。<span word="Ahmad">Ahmad</span>是北部城市<span word="Deir">Deir</span> <span word="ez">ez</span>-<span word="Zor">Zor</span> 的一名学生，2011年的3月游行开始时，他加入了抗议人群。当权者让我们生不如死，而许多自由军的战士们变成了犯罪分子，世界却袖手旁观。”他担心旁观者们认为这不足为奇，因为叙利亚正处于一个充满战争与冲突的区域的中心。叙持有化学武器，背靠伊朗的支持，政府正在逐渐衰微而自由武装不断扩张。人们对中东的各种担忧在这里被汇聚在一起。<span word="Two">Two</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="ago">ago</span> <span word="Syria">Syria</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="sleepy">sleepy</span> <span word="place">place</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="muezzins">muezzins</span>’ <span word="call">call</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="prayer">prayer</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="peal">peal</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="church">church</span> <span word="bells">bells</span> <span word="mingled">mingled</span> <span word="above">above</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rooftops">rooftops</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Damascus">Damascus</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="world">world</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="oldest">oldest</span> <span word="continually">continually</span> <span word="inhabited">inhabited</span> <span word="capital">capital</span> <span word="city">city</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="Syrians">Syrians</span> <span word="liked">liked</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="boast">boast</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Christians">Christians</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Muslims">Muslims</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="smattering">smattering</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="sects">sects</span>, <span word="lived">lived</span> <span word="side">side</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="side">side</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="peace">peace</span>. <span word="People">People</span> <span word="bustled">bustled</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="markets">markets</span>. <span word="Women">Women</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="stay">stay</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="safely">safely</span> <span word="alone">alone</span> <span word="past">past</span> <span word="midnight">midnight</span>. <span word="Men">Men</span> <span word="played">played</span> <span word="backgammon">backgammon</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pavements">pavements</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="neighbours">neighbours</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Syrian">Syrian</span> <span word="accent">accent</span>, <span word="spread">spread</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="region">region</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="soap">soap</span> <span word="operas">operas</span>, <span word="conveyed">conveyed</span> <span word="hospitality">hospitality</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="simplicity">simplicity</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="fellow">fellow</span> <span word="Arabs">Arabs</span>.两年前叙利亚还是一个很安静的地方。宣礼员呼唤信徒们的喊声混着教堂清亮的钟声，盘旋在大马士革这个世界上历史最悠久，人居绵延不息的内陆首都上空。叙利亚人以他们的基督教徒与穆斯林教徒为傲，也同少许其他教派和谐地居住在一起。市场熙熙攘攘。即使午夜过后，女人们在外逗留也没有危险。而男人则和邻居们站在路边玩弹珠游戏（巴加门）。随着肥皂剧的风靡，叙利亚口音也在整个中东地区传播，把他们的好客和简约的精神传递给其他的阿拉伯人。<span word="Syrians">Syrians</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="pride">pride</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="colourful">colourful</span> <span word="history">history</span>. <span word="Ancient">Ancient</span> <span word="buildings">buildings</span> <span word="dot">dot</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="landscape">landscape</span>, <span word="from">from</span> <span word="crusader">crusader</span> <span word="castles">castles</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exquisite">exquisite</span> <span word="Umayyad">Umayyad</span> <span word="Mosque">Mosque</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="architectural">architectural</span> <span word="masterpiece">masterpiece</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="empire">empire</span> <span word="centred">centred</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Damascus">Damascus</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="once">once</span> <span word="stretched">stretched</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="north">north</span> <span word="Africa">Africa</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="Spain">Spain</span>.叙利亚人为祖国多彩斑斓的历史而自豪。古老的建筑散落在各处，既有十字军城堡，也有精美绝伦的倭玛亚大清真寺。曾有王朝以大马士革为中心，那个王朝的建筑艺术瑰宝一直延伸到北非和西班牙。<span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="Hafez">Hafez</span> <span word="Assad">Assad</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="family">family</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="power">power</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="bloodless">bloodless</span> <span word="coup">coup</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1970, <span word="Syria">Syria</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="celebrate">celebrate</span>. <span word="An">An</span> <span word="authoritarian">authoritarian</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="snuffed">snuffed</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="discussion">discussion</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="creativity">creativity</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="ubiquitous">ubiquitous</span> <span word="Mukhabarat">Mukhabarat</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="tortured">tortured</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="caused">caused</span> <span word="trouble">trouble</span>. <span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="Syrians">Syrians</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="ready">ready</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="accept">accept</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="price">price</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="stability">stability</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="Bashar">Bashar</span> <span word="Assad">Assad</span> <span word="inherited">inherited</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="presidency">presidency</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="father">father</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2000.自从哈菲兹·阿萨德家族在1970年无血政变中掌权，叙利亚就乏善可陈。独裁政府用无所不在的政治手腕扼杀讨论与创造，并且折磨那些反抗的人们。当2000年，巴沙尔阿萨德从父亲手中继承了领导人的职位，许多叙利亚人已经准备接受这一切，就当作是稳定需要付出的代价。<span word="At">At</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="repression">repression</span> <span word="seemed">seemed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ease">ease</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="President">President</span> <span word="Assad">Assad</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="least">least</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="those">those</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="stuck">stuck</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bargain">bargain</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="kept">kept</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="opposition">opposition</span> <span word="politics">politics</span>. <span word="Life">Life</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="sweeter">sweeter</span> <span word="in">in</span> 2005 <span word="when">when</span> <span word="Coca">Coca</span>-<span word="Cola">Cola</span> <span word="arrived">arrived</span>. <span word="Internet">Internet</span> <span word="caf">caf</span>é<span word="s">s</span> <span word="flourished">flourished</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="software">software</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="let">let</span> <span word="Syrians">Syrians</span> <span word="visit">visit</span> <span word="banned">banned</span> <span word="websites">websites</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Facebook">Facebook</span>. <span word="Posters">Posters</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Assads">Assads</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="festooned">festooned</span> <span word="walls">walls</span> <span word="across">across</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="schools">schools</span> <span word="phased">phased</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="compulsory">compulsory</span> <span word="wearing">wearing</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="military">military</span> <span word="uniform">uniform</span>.新总统阿萨德上任之后，对下的镇压有所缓和，至少对于那些逆来顺受，远离反对派的人们来说是如此。2005年，可口可乐进入叙利亚，给生活添加了一丝甜味。网吧生意红火，与此同时，阻止叙利亚人登陆脸谱网的软件也一样普及。阿萨德的支持者依然在四处张贴标语，不过学校已经取消了强制学生穿军队制服。<span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Assad">Assad</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="stance">stance</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="Israel">Israel</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="main">main</span> <span word="backer">backer</span>, <span word="America">America</span>, <span word="through">through</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="alignment">alignment</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Hizbullah">Hizbullah</span> (<span word="the">the</span> <span word="Lebanese">Lebanese</span> <span word="Shias">Shias</span>’ <span word="party">party</span>-<span word="cum">cum</span>-<span word="militia">militia</span>) <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="regime">regime</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Iran">Iran</span>, <span word="was">was</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="Syrians">Syrians</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="nothing">nothing</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="citizens">citizens</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="hostile">hostile</span> <span word="countries">countries</span>: “<span word="We">We</span> <span word="differentiate">differentiate</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="people">people</span>,” <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="standard">standard</span> <span word="refrain">refrain</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="American">American</span>-<span word="led">led</span> <span word="invasion">invasion</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Iraq">Iraq</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="pitied">pitied</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="brothers">brothers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sisters">sisters</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Egypt">Egypt</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="ruled">ruled</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Hosni">Hosni</span> <span word="Mubarak">Mubarak</span>, <span word="whom">whom</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="saw">saw</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="wrinkled">wrinkled</span> <span word="yes">yes</span>-<span word="man">man</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="West">West</span>.阿萨德站在以色列以及以色列主要支持国——美国的对立面。他通过和真主党（黎巴嫩什叶派政党兼民兵组织）、伊朗结成同盟，赢得了大部分叙利亚人民的支持。叙利亚人民对敌对国的平民并没有任何敌意。在美国进攻伊拉克时，这句话就是美国典型的陈词滥调：“我们会对政府和平民区别对待。”但是叙利亚人民同情在穆巴拉克领导下的埃及兄弟姐妹们，他们认为穆巴拉克是对西方人唯唯诺诺的死老头。<span word="Today">Today</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Syria">Syria</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="more">more</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="uprising">uprising</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="full">full</span>-<span word="blown">blown</span> <span word="civil">civil</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Assad">Assad</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="opposition">opposition</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="freedoms">freedoms</span>. <span word="Young">Young</span> <span word="Syrians">Syrians</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="longer">longer</span> <span word="afraid">afraid</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="deride">deride</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="regime">regime</span> <span word="openly">openly</span>. <span word="Even">Even</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="security">security</span> <span word="forces">forces</span>, <span word="people">people</span> <span word="discuss">discuss</span> <span word="politics">politics</span>. “<span word="We">We</span> <span word="all">all</span> <span word="say">say</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="wouldn">wouldn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="dared">dared</span> <span word="talk">talk</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="homes">homes</span> <span word="before">before</span>,” <span word="says">says</span> <span word="Aisha">Aisha</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mother">mother</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Idleb">Idleb</span> <span word="province">province</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="north">north</span>-<span word="west">west</span>. <span word="Neighbourly">Neighbourly</span> <span word="bonds">bonds</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="grown">grown</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="amid">amid</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bloodshed">bloodshed</span>. <span word="Altruistic">Altruistic</span> <span word="bravery">bravery</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="common">common</span>. <span word="Women">Women</span> <span word="risk">risk</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="lives">lives</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="smuggle">smuggle</span> <span word="medicine">medicine</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rebel">rebel</span> <span word="areas">areas</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="regime">regime</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="checkpoints">checkpoints</span>, <span word="because">because</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="soldiers">soldiers</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="less">less</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="search">search</span> <span word="them">them</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="Damascus">Damascus</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="sleep">sleep</span> <span word="ten">ten</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="room">room</span>, <span word="welcoming">welcoming</span> <span word="relations">relations</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="fled">fled</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="dangerous">dangerous</span> <span word="areas">areas</span>.今天的叙利亚已经大变。起义已经升级为政府军和反对派的全面内战，这给国家带来了全新的自由。年轻的叙利亚人已经敢于公开的嘲讽当今政权。即便是保安部队的内部人员也在讨论政治。来自西北部省市伊德利卜的一位四岁孩子的母亲爱莎说：“我们现在都谈论一些以前在家里都不敢谈的话题。”邻里关系有时候变得比血亲关系更为牢固。利他的英雄主义精神也随处可见。女人冒着生命危险越过政府的检查点，把药品送到自由军的地盘，因为士兵搜她们身的概率更小。在大马士革，十个人挤在一个房间里睡觉，他们依然欢迎从更危险的地方逃难来的族人。<span word="But">But</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="gains">gains</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="terrible">terrible</span> <span word="price">price</span>. <span word="War">War</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="tearing">tearing</span> <span word="Syria">Syria</span> <span word="apart">apart</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="months">months</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="divided">divided</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Assad">Assad</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="forces">forces</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rebel">rebel</span> <span word="groups">groups</span>. <span word="Neither">Neither</span> <span word="side">side</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="victory">victory</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="grasp">grasp</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="rebels">rebels</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="swathes">swathes</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="land">land</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="north">north</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="east">east</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="regime">regime</span> <span word="shells">shells</span> <span word="towns">towns</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="villages">villages</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sends">sends</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="aircraft">aircraft</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bomb">bomb</span> <span word="military">military</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="civilian">civilian</span> <span word="targets">targets</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="regime">regime</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="determined">determined</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="consolidate">consolidate</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="grip">grip</span> <span word="along">along</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="north">north</span>-<span word="south">south</span> <span word="axis">axis</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Damascus">Damascus</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="Homs">Homs</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Hama">Hama</span> (<span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="third">third</span>- <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fourth">fourth</span>-<span word="biggest">biggest</span> <span word="towns">towns</span>) <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Latakia">Latakia</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="port">port</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="region">region</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Assad">Assad</span> <span word="family">family</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="Alawite">Alawite</span> <span word="sect">sect</span>.但这些收获付出了惨痛的代价。战争已经把叙利亚撕碎。几个月来，国家在政府军和自由军之间四分五裂。双方都没有胜算的把握。自由军占据了北部和东部大片的土地，而政府军以城镇与乡村为掩护，并且派出飞机炸毁军事目标和民众。政府军决心巩固从大马士革到霍姆斯、哈马再到拉塔基亚（分别为叙第三大、第四大城市）这条从北至南的轴线，因为拉塔基亚居住着阿萨姆家族和阿拉维教派。<span word="At">At</span> <span word="present">present</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="chance">chance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="opening">opening</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="negotiations">negotiations</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="opposition">opposition</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="regime">regime</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="circle">circle</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Assad">Assad</span> <span word="refuses">refuses</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="contemplate">contemplate</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="exit">exit</span>. <span word="Until">Until</span> <span word="recently">recently</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="opposition">opposition</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="November">November</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="gathered">gathered</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="umbrella">umbrella</span> <span word="calling">calling</span> <span word="itself">itself</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Syrian">Syrian</span> <span word="Opposition">Opposition</span> <span word="Coalition">Coalition</span>, <span word="had">had</span> <span word="refused">refused</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="negotiate">negotiate</span> <span word="unless">unless</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Assad">Assad</span> <span word="goes">goes</span> <span word="first">first</span>. <span word="He">He</span>, <span word="meanwhile">meanwhile</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="taken">taken</span> <span word="comfort">comfort</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="solid">solid</span> <span word="financial">financial</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="backing">backing</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Iran">Iran</span>. <span word="Russia">Russia</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="supplies">supplies</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Assad">Assad</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="weapons">weapons</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="hinted">hinted</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="pressure">pressure</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="him">him</span>, <span word="only">only</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="step">step</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="minute">minute</span>—<span word="possibly">possibly</span>, <span word="Western">Western</span> <span word="diplomats">diplomats</span> <span word="speculate">speculate</span>, <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="personal">personal</span> <span word="command">command</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Vladimir">Vladimir</span> <span word="Putin">Putin</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="believe">believe</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Russia">Russia</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="president">president</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="determined">determined</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="frustrate">frustrate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="West">West</span>, <span word="especially">especially</span> <span word="America">America</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="prevent">prevent</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="forcing">forcing</span> <span word="change">change</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Libya">Libya</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="joint">joint</span> <span word="call">call</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Russia">Russia</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Arab">Arab</span> <span word="League">League</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="negotiated">negotiated</span> <span word="settlement">settlement</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="mean">mean</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="calculation">calculation</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="changed">changed</span>.目前，还没有出现政治契机能让反对派和政府军进行严肃的谈判。阿萨德的亲信们拒绝考虑让阿萨德退位。而截至最近，自由军在12月在保护框架下结成了叙利亚反对派同盟，他们拒绝谈判，除非阿萨德先退位。与此同时，阿萨德本人从伊朗对其稳固的经济、政治支持上尝到了甜头。俄罗斯给阿萨德提供了武器与财力支持，时不时地暗示出将对阿萨德施加压力。但俄罗斯总是在最后一刻改变了主意——西方的外交家们猜测很可能是普京本人下的命令。他们认为俄国总统决意要令西方失望，特别是让美国失望。他决意阻止西方像利比亚事件一样以武力行动来推进进程。<span word="Western">Western</span> <span word="governments">governments</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="struggled">struggled</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="keep">keep</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="happening">happening</span> <span word="inside">inside</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="country">country</span>. <span word="Fearing">Fearing</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="Middle">Middle</span> <span word="Eastern">Eastern</span> <span word="adventure">adventure</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="wake">wake</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Iraq">Iraq</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="administration">administration</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="reluctant">reluctant</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="anything">anything</span> <span word="beyond">beyond</span> <span word="calling">calling</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Assad">Assad</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="go">go</span>. <span word="At">At</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="congressional">congressional</span> <span word="hearing">hearing</span> <span word="earlier">earlier</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="month">month</span> <span word="Leon">Leon</span> <span word="Panetta">Panetta</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="outgoing">outgoing</span> <span word="secretary">secretary</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="defence">defence</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="General">General</span> <span word="Martin">Martin</span> <span word="Dempsey">Dempsey</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="chairman">chairman</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="joint">joint</span> <span word="chiefs">chiefs</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="staff">staff</span>, <span word="revealed">revealed</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="recommended">recommended</span> <span word="arming">arming</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rebels">rebels</span>. <span word="Although">Although</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="plan">plan</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="backing">backing</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Hillary">Hillary</span> <span word="Clinton">Clinton</span>, <span word="then">then</span> <span word="secretary">secretary</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="state">state</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="David">David</span> <span word="Petraeus">Petraeus</span>, <span word="then">then</span> <span word="head">head</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="CIA">CIA</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="White">White</span> <span word="House">House</span> <span word="vetoed">vetoed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="idea">idea</span>. <span word="Though">Though</span> <span word="Britain">Britain</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="France">France</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ease">ease</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="European">European</span> <span word="Union">Union</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="arms">arms</span> <span word="embargo">embargo</span>, <span word="some">some</span> <span word="European">European</span> <span word="states">states</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="Germany">Germany</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Nordic">Nordic</span> <span word="countries">countries</span>, <span word="are">are</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="doing">doing</span> <span word="so">so</span>. <span word="On">On</span> <span word="February">February</span> 18<span word="th">th</span>, <span word="at">at</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Brussels">Brussels</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="EU">EU</span> <span word="endorsed">endorsed</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="compromise">compromise</span> <span word="resolution">resolution</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="provide">provide</span> <span word="more">more</span> “<span word="non">non</span>-<span word="lethal">lethal</span> <span word="aid">aid</span>”. <span word="Members">Members</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Syrian">Syrian</span> <span word="opposition">opposition</span> <span word="grumble">grumble</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="West">West</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="pledges">pledges</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="cash">cash</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="opposition">opposition</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="honoured">honoured</span>.西方国家难以及时跟进叙利亚国内的情况。美国当局以伊拉克为鉴，不愿再次带兵深入中东。因此，美国除了呼吁阿萨德下台之外，不愿采取其他行动。在本月初举行的国会听证会上，即将离任的国防部长莱昂帕内塔以及参谋长联席会议主席<span word="Martin">Martin</span> <span word="Dempsey">Dempsey</span>上将透露他们建议给反对军提供武器。尽管该计划得到了前任国务卿希拉里克林顿，中央情报局前局长<span word="David">David</span> <span word="Petraeus">Petraeus</span>的支持，仍然遭到白宫的否决。尽管英国与法国有意放松欧盟对武器的禁运规定，其他一些欧洲国家，包括德国和北欧诸国都反对放松禁运。2月18日，欧盟在布鲁塞尔举行的会议上通过一项折中的解决办法——提供非致命性的帮助。与会的叙利亚自由军代表抱怨，欧洲答应给予他们的资金支持至今还没有兑现。<span word="Opposition">Opposition</span> <span word="fighters">fighters</span>, <span word="divided">divided</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="numerous">numerous</span> <span word="groups">groups</span>, <span word="varying">varying</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="battalions">battalions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="thousand">thousand</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="handfuls">handfuls</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="men">men</span>, <span word="get">get</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="fewer">fewer</span> <span word="weapons">weapons</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="hoped">hoped</span>. <span word="Gulf">Gulf</span> <span word="countries">countries</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="Qatar">Qatar</span>, <span word="Saudi">Saudi</span> <span word="Arabia">Arabia</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Kuwait">Kuwait</span>, <span word="have">have</span> <span word="supplied">supplied</span> <span word="mostly">mostly</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="weapons">weapons</span>, <span word="many">many</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="private">private</span> <span word="donors">donors</span>. <span word="Libya">Libya</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="chipped">chipped</span> <span word="in">in</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rebels">rebels</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="equipped">equipped</span> <span word="mainly">mainly</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="AK">AK</span>-47 <span word="rifles">rifles</span>, <span word="home">home</span>-<span word="made">made</span> <span word="rockets">rockets</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="kit">kit</span> <span word="captured">captured</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span> <span word="Assad">Assad</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="arms">arms</span> <span word="depots">depots</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="barracks">barracks</span>.自由军的战士们也分成了无数的派别，既有人数众多的大军，其中每营有1000人；也有十几个人的小队。他们收到的武器远少于期望。海湾国家，比如卡塔尔沙特阿拉伯还有科威特，提供的大部分是轻型武器，许多还是私人捐赠。利比亚已经介入叙利亚事务。自由军的主要装备还是<span word="AK">AK</span>-47步枪，自制的火箭炮，从阿萨德的军火库和兵营缴来的成套装备。<span word="The">The</span> <span word="din">din</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="battle">battle</span></p>
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