关于林肯的五个流言
关于林肯的五个流言<span word="No">No</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="hero">hero</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="possible">possible</span> <span word="exception">exception</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="George">George</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="Cannot">Cannot</span> <span word="Tell">Tell</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Lie">Lie</span> <span word="Washington">Washington</span>, <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="encrusted">encrusted</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="myth">myth</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="Abraham">Abraham</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span>. <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="boast">boast</span> <span word="virtues">virtues</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="required">required</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="embellishment">embellishment</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="rose">rose</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="obscurity">obscurity</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="work">work</span>, <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="education">education</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="honesty">honesty</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="endured">endured</span> <span word="venomous">venomous</span> <span word="criticism">criticism</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="save">save</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Union">Union</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="end">end</span> <span word="slavery">slavery</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="died">died</span> <span word="shortly">shortly</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="greatest">greatest</span> <span word="triumph">triumph</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hands">hands</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="assassin">assassin</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="tall">tall</span>-<span word="tale">tale</span>-<span word="tellers">tellers</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="never">never</span> <span word="hesitated">hesitated</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rewrite">rewrite</span> <span word="Lincolns">Lincolns</span> <span word="biography">biography</span>. <span word="On">On</span> <span word="Presidents">Presidents</span> <span word="Day">Day</span>, <span word="its">its</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="worth">worth</span> <span word="dispelling">dispelling</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="perennial">perennial</span> <span word="misconceptions">misconceptions</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> $5 <span word="bill">bill</span>.美国英雄中，除了可能做到“我没有撒过谎”的乔治·华盛顿外，谁得到的信任都比不上——被捧上神堂的——亚伯拉罕·林肯。林肯夸张地拥有未经雕饰的美德。他通过努力工作、自学，以诚实的品质，从卑微的位置往上走。为保卫联邦，为结束奴隶制，他忍受了恶毒的攻击。在赢得一生中最重要的胜利后，他死于暗杀。但夸张叙事的作者们从来不曾犹豫重写林肯传记。在总统日，消除一些——这男人的头像印在5美元纸币上——流言，是一件很有意义的事情。1. <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="simple">simple</span> <span word="country">country</span> <span word="lawyer">lawyer</span>.流言1、林肯只不过是乡村律师<span word="This">This</span> <span word="durable">durable</span> <span word="legend">legend</span>, <span word="personified">personified</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="laconic">laconic</span> <span word="Henry">Henry</span> <span word="Fonda">Fonda</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="John">John</span> <span word="Fords">Fords</span> <span word="film">film</span> <span word="Young">Young</span> <span word="Mr">Mr</span>. <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span>, <span word="dies">dies</span> <span word="hard">hard</span>. <span word="Lincolns">Lincolns</span> <span word="law">law</span> <span word="partner">partner</span> <span word="William">William</span> <span word="H">H</span>. <span word="Herndon">Herndon</span>, <span word="looking">looking</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="boost">boost</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="reputation">reputation</span>, <span word="introduced">introduced</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="canard">canard</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="cared">cared</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="legal">legal</span> <span word="practice">practice</span>, <span word="did">did</span> <span word="scant">scant</span> <span word="research">research</span>, <span word="joked">joked</span> <span word="around">around</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="juries">juries</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="judges">judges</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sometimes">sometimes</span> <span word="failed">failed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="collect">collect</span> <span word="fees">fees</span>. <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="compromised">compromised</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="legal">legal</span> <span word="reputation">reputation</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="oft">oft</span>-<span word="quoted">quoted</span> <span word="admonition">admonition</span> <span word="Discourage">Discourage</span> <span word="litigation">litigation</span>.精干利落的亨利·方达在约翰·福特的电影《少年林肯》中的表演，使该传言形象化，因此深入人心。林肯的合伙律师威廉姆·<span word="H">H</span>·赫唐，为了吹嘘自己，造谣说林肯不关心自己的律师事务：调查潦草；与陪审员和法官开玩笑；有时候，还收不到账。林肯经常轻责自己“对官司漠不关心”，因此可能也糟蹋了自己律师的名声。<span word="True">True</span>, <span word="politics">politics</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="lawyer">lawyer</span> <span word="Lincolns">Lincolns</span> <span word="chief">chief</span> <span word="ambition">ambition</span>. <span word="Still">Still</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1850<span word="s">s</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="ably">ably</span> (<span word="and">and</span> <span word="profitably">profitably</span>) <span word="represented">represented</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Illinois">Illinois</span> <span word="Central">Central</span> <span word="Railroad">Railroad</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Rock">Rock</span> <span word="Island">Island</span> <span word="Bridge">Bridge</span> <span word="Co">Co</span>. - <span word="the">the</span> <span word="company">company</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="built">built</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="railroad">railroad</span> <span word="bridge">bridge</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Mississippi">Mississippi</span> <span word="River">River</span> - <span word="and">and</span> <span word="earned">earned</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="solid">solid</span> <span word="reputation">reputation</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="home">home</span> <span word="states">states</span> <span word="top">top</span> <span word="appeals">appeals</span> <span word="lawyers">lawyers</span>.当然，律师林肯的第一追求是政治。然而，直到19世纪80年代，他成功地（也赚了一大笔）代表了伊利诺伊州中央铁路和洛克岛桥梁公司，该公司修建了第一条横跨密西西比河的铁路桥。这项业务确定了他在本州——属于顶级律师行列——的牢固地位。<span word="Lincolns">Lincolns</span> <span word="legal">legal</span> <span word="papers">papers</span> <span word="testify">testify</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="diverse">diverse</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="profitable">profitable</span> <span word="practice">practice</span>. <span word="Had">Had</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="aroused">aroused</span>, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="it">it</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="speak">speak</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1854 <span word="against">against</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pro">pro</span>-<span word="slavery">slavery</span> <span word="Kansas">Kansas</span>-<span word="Nebraska">Nebraska</span> <span word="Act">Act</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="seeking">seeking</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Senate">Senate</span> <span word="seat">seat</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="remained">remained</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="full">full</span>-<span word="time">time</span> <span word="lawyer">lawyer</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="earned">earned</span> <span word="fame">fame</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="fortune">fortune</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bar">bar</span>.林肯的法律文件证明他业务多多、利润丰厚。1854年，在竞选参议员之前，如果他不“出头”，强烈反对拥奴的《堪萨斯-内布拉斯加法案》，那么他就可以依然当全职律师，在法庭上名利双收。（《堪萨斯-内布拉斯加法案》使奴隶制得以向北扩张，引起堪萨斯内战，进一步爆发了南北战争。——译者注）。2. <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="gay">gay</span>.2、林肯是同性恋<span word="Gay">Gay</span> <span word="rights">rights</span> <span word="activist">activist</span> <span word="Larry">Larry</span> <span word="Kramer">Kramer</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="speculated">speculated</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="gay">gay</span>, <span word="claiming">claiming</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1999 <span word="that">that</span> <span word="hed">hed</span> <span word="discovered">discovered</span> <span word="Lincolns">Lincolns</span> <span word="love">love</span> <span word="letters">letters</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="onetime">onetime</span> <span word="roommate">roommate</span> <span word="Joshua">Joshua</span> <span word="Speed">Speed</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="claim">claim</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="reportedly">reportedly</span> <span word="featured">featured</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Kramers">Kramers</span> <span word="forthcoming">forthcoming</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="homosexuality">homosexuality</span>, <span word="The">The</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="People">People</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="historian">historian</span> <span word="Gabor">Gabor</span> <span word="Boritt">Boritt</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="Kramers">Kramers</span> <span word="assertion">assertion</span> <span word="almost">almost</span> <span word="certainly">certainly</span> . . . <span word="a">a</span> <span word="hoax">hoax</span>.长久以来，同性恋权利活动家拉瑞·克拉梅认为林肯是同性恋。1999年，他声称发现了林肯写给以前室友——阿尔弗雷德·斯比特——的几封情书。在克拉梅即将出版的同性恋历史《美国人民》一书中，将突出该论断。但历史学家盖博·博瑞特说克拉梅的说法“基本肯定……胡说八道。”<span word="Still">Still</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="persists">persists</span>. <span word="In">In</span> 2005, <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Intimate">Intimate</span> <span word="World">World</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Abraham">Abraham</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span>, <span word="written">written</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="queer">queer</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="professor">professor</span> <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="Tripp">Tripp</span> - <span word="a">a</span> <span word="colleague">colleague</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="sex">sex</span> <span word="researcher">researcher</span> <span word="Alfred">Alfred</span> <span word="Kinsey">Kinsey</span> - <span word="purported">purported</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="prove">prove</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="active">active</span> <span word="homosexual">homosexual</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="married">married</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="conform">conform</span> <span word="to">to</span> 19<span word="th">th</span>-<span word="century">century</span> <span word="convention">convention</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="continued">continued</span> <span word="flirting">flirting</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sleeping">sleeping</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="throughout">throughout</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="presidency">presidency</span>. <span word="Tripp">Tripp</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="suggest">suggest</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Lincolns">Lincolns</span> <span word="sexual">sexual</span> <span word="indifference">indifference</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="contributed">contributed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="wifes">wifes</span> <span word="mental">mental</span> <span word="illness">illness</span>.但，这说法一直流传。2005年，一位酷儿理论教授<span word="C">C</span>·<span word="A">A</span>·特里普出版了《亚伯拉罕·林肯的隐秘世界》。该教授也是性学家阿尔弗雷德·金赛的同事。在书中，他一本正经地声明林肯是一位活跃的同性恋人士，他结婚只是要符合19世纪的风俗，并且在总统任职期间，继续和年轻男子调情、睡觉。特里普进一步深化，认为林肯妻子由于他的性冷落，才患上精神疾病的。（酷儿理论：最早与同性恋有关的一些理论、说法，随后引申至情色、男女等方面的研究，进一步指前卫观点。——译者注）<span word="Is">Is</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="true">true</span>? <span word="And">And</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span>, <span word="does">does</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="matter">matter</span>? <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Herndon">Herndon</span>, <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="exhibited">exhibited</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="powerful">powerful</span> <span word="attraction">attraction</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="regular">regular</span> <span word="customer">customer</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="prairie">prairie</span> <span word="brothels">brothels</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="marriage">marriage</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="age">age</span> 33. <span word="His">His</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="son">son</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="born">born</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="nine">nine</span> <span word="months">months</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="marriage">marriage</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="enthusiasm">enthusiasm</span> <span word="if">if</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="experience">experience</span>. <span word="Then">Then</span> <span word="again">again</span>, <span word="proving">proving</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="loves">loves</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="isnt">isnt</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="proving">proving</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="doesnt">doesnt</span> <span word="love">love</span> <span word="men">men</span>. <span word="Maybe">Maybe</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="throw">throw</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="hands">hands</span> - <span word="and">and</span> <span word="remember">remember</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Lincolns">Lincolns</span> <span word="sexual">sexual</span> <span word="orientation">orientation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="small">small</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="historical">historical</span> <span word="legacy">legacy</span>.真的吗？就算真的，又怎样？据赫唐说，林肯对女人有“强烈的”吸引力；在33岁结婚前，他是牧场妓院的常客。结婚后9个月，他的长子就降生了，这说明即使他经验不够，也算热情如火。当然，证明一个男人爱女人，并不能证明他不爱男人。或许最好的办法是放开这个问题——要记住，林肯的性取向和其历史功绩几乎没有关系。3. <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="depressed">depressed</span>.3、林肯性格忧郁<span word="Four">Four</span> <span word="generations">generations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="biographers">biographers</span> <span word="attest">attest</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="morose">morose</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="Washington">Washington</span> <span word="Colleges">Colleges</span> <span word="Joshua">Joshua</span> <span word="Wolf">Wolf</span> <span word="Shenk">Shenk</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="book">book</span>, <span word="Lincolns">Lincolns</span> <span word="Melancholy">Melancholy</span>: <span word="How">How</span> <span word="Depression">Depression</span> <span word="Challenged">Challenged</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="President">President</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Fueled">Fueled</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="Greatness">Greatness</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> 16<span word="th">th</span> <span word="president">president</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="clinically">clinically</span> <span word="depressed">depressed</span>. <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="certainly">certainly</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="moments">moments</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hypo">hypo</span>, <span word="most">most</span> <span word="notably">notably</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="crush">crush</span>, <span word="Ann">Ann</span> <span word="Rutledge">Rutledge</span>, <span word="died">died</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1835, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="again">again</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="broke">broke</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="fianc">fianc</span>??<span word="e">e</span> <span word="Mary">Mary</span> <span word="Todd">Todd</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="eve">eve</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="nuptials">nuptials</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1841. (<span word="They">They</span> <span word="reconciled">reconciled</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="next">next</span> <span word="year">year</span>.)整整四代传记作家都认为林肯常常忧郁，然而，华盛顿大学的约书亚·沃尔夫·沈克在近期出版的《林肯的伤感：忧郁症如何挑战总统、激励他的伟大》中列出证据，说第十六届总统已被诊断患有忧郁症。林肯自己也说有过不少“抓狂”的时候，特别是遭受了第一次严重打击：安妮·鲁特雷吉死于1836年；随后1841年，在婚礼前夕，他与未婚妻玛丽·托德分手。（第二年，两人复合。）<span word="Though">Though</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="co">co</span>-<span word="edited">edited</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="collection">collection</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="papers">papers</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Shenk">Shenk</span>, <span word="we">we</span> <span word="disagree">disagree</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="point">point</span>. <span word="Genuine">Genuine</span> <span word="depression">depression</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="untreatable">untreatable</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 19<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="victims">victims</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="descended">descended</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="madness">madness</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="took">took</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="own">own</span> <span word="lives">lives</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="impossible">impossible</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reconcile">reconcile</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="debilitating">debilitating</span> <span word="disease">disease</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="labored">labored</span> <span word="tirelessly">tirelessly</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="effectively">effectively</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="demanding">demanding</span> <span word="presidency">presidency</span>. <span word="Clinically">Clinically</span> <span word="depressed">depressed</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="cant">cant</span> <span word="get">get</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="bed">bed</span>, <span word="let">let</span> <span word="alone">alone</span> <span word="command">command</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="army">army</span>.尽管我与沈克一起编撰林肯资料，但对该问题，我们意见不同。在19世纪，真正的忧郁症是不治之症，患者经常发疯或自杀。总统的责任繁重，林肯不知疲倦地工作，并且效率很高。将令人崩溃的疾病和林肯联系起来，真的不可能。确诊得了忧郁症的人，几乎不能下床，遑论指挥军队了。<span word="Was">Was</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="sad">sad</span>? <span word="Sure">Sure</span> - <span word="his">his</span> <span word="son">son</span> <span word="Willie">Willie</span> <span word="died">died</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="fever">fever</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="White">White</span> <span word="House">House</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1862, <span word="while">while</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="president">president</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="take">take</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="lives">lives</span> <span word="of">of</span> 600,000 <span word="other">other</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="men">men</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="far">far</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="remarkable">remarkable</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="remained">remained</span> <span word="perennially">perennially</span> <span word="jolly">jolly</span>.林肯郁闷吗？当然——1862年，他的儿子发高烧，死在了白宫；当时，他是总统，指挥一场战争,这场战争还夺走了60万年轻男子的性命。如果这样还要林肯保持开朗，未免太强人所难了。4. <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="too">too</span> <span word="compassionate">compassionate</span>.4、林肯很仁慈<span word="Much">Much</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="poet">poet</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="biographer">biographer</span> <span word="Carl">Carl</span> <span word="Sandburg">Sandburg</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="historians">historians</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="notion">notion</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="serial">serial</span> <span word="pardoner">pardoner</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="untrue">untrue</span> - <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="approved">approved</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="execution">execution</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="deserters">deserters</span>, <span word="but">but</span> 38 <span word="alleged">alleged</span> <span word="Indian">Indian</span> <span word="raiders">raiders</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="hanged">hanged</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="order">order</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Mankato">Mankato</span>, <span word="Minn">Minn</span>. <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Dec">Dec</span>. 26, 1862, <span word="still">still</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="largest">largest</span> <span word="mass">mass</span> <span word="execution">execution</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="U">U</span>.<span word="S">S</span>. <span word="soil">soil</span>.这个说法很大程度来自卡尔·桑伯格（诗人、林肯传记作家）和其他一些历史学家，他们认为林肯一直慈悲为怀。这不是真的——林肯不仅同意处决背弃者；而且签署了——1862年12月26日在明尼苏达州曼卡托绞死38名印第安袭击者——的命令，迄今为止，是在美国大地上发生的最大屠杀。（“最大”是指美国建国后，不包括殖民时代。——译者注。）<span word="Meanwhile">Meanwhile</span>, <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="conducted">conducted</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bloodiest">bloodiest</span> <span word="war">war</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="history">history</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="preserve">preserve</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Union">Union</span>, <span word="authorized">authorized</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="deployment">deployment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="deadly">deadly</span> <span word="new">new</span> <span word="weaponry">weaponry</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="mines">mines</span>, <span word="ironclad">ironclad</span> <span word="warships">warships</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="niter">niter</span> (<span word="a">a</span> 19<span word="th">th</span>-<span word="century">century</span> <span word="version">version</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="napalm">napalm</span>), <span word="and">and</span> <span word="accepted">accepted</span> <span word="unprecedented">unprecedented</span> <span word="casualties">casualties</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="chosen">chosen</span> <span word="cause">cause</span>.同时，林肯为保卫联邦，进行了美国历史上最血腥的战争，批准使用了一些致命武器，如水雷、装甲战舰和硝石（19世纪的凝固汽油弹）；而且为了他信仰的理由，不顾伤亡如何惨重。<span word="The">The</span> <span word="recent">recent</span> <span word="scandal">scandal</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="altered">altered</span> <span word="National">National</span> <span word="Archives">Archives</span> <span word="pardon">pardon</span> - <span word="a">a</span> <span word="document">document</span> <span word="allegedly">allegedly</span> <span word="changed">changed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="historian">historian</span> <span word="Thomas">Thomas</span> <span word="P">P</span>. <span word="Lowry">Lowry</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1998 <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="appear">appear</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="spent">spent</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="final">final</span> <span word="hours">hours</span> <span word="pardoning">pardoning</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="soldier">soldier</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="desertion">desertion</span> - <span word="gives">gives</span> <span word="us">us</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="opportunity">opportunity</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="reconsider">reconsider</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="chronic">chronic</span> <span word="oversimplification">oversimplification</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Lincolns">Lincolns</span> <span word="soft">soft</span> <span word="touch">touch</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="light">light</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Archives">Archives</span> <span word="melee">melee</span>, <span word="historians">historians</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="re">re</span>-<span word="examine">examine</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="thousands">thousands</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pardons">pardons</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="issued">issued</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="weigh">weigh</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="authenticity">authenticity</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="balance">balance</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="death">death</span> <span word="sentences">sentences</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="allow">allow</span>.近来，出现了一个丑闻：国家档案馆内的特赦令被扭曲了——1998年，历史学家托马斯·<span word="P">P</span>·罗瑞有意扭曲了文件的内容，使其表现出林肯在最后时刻特赦了一名逃兵。这件丑闻让人有机会反思：长期以来，过于简化林肯柔软的一面。随着各类纷杂档案的公布，历史学家应该重新审视林肯签署的上万份特赦，有多少是真实的；而且，还要对比他签署的死刑令。5. <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="mortally">mortally</span> <span word="ill">ill</span>.5、林肯身患重疾<span word="No">No</span> <span word="shortage">shortage</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="armchair">armchair</span> <span word="physicians">physicians</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="ready">ready</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="diagnose">diagnose</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> 150 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="death">death</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="cardiovascular">cardiovascular</span> <span word="disease">disease</span>, <span word="some">some</span> <span word="say">say</span>. <span word="Or">Or</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rare">rare</span> <span word="genetic">genetic</span> <span word="disorder">disorder</span> <span word="Marfans">Marfans</span> <span word="Syndrome">Syndrome</span>. <span word="Or">Or</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fatal">fatal</span> <span word="cancer">cancer</span> <span word="MEN">MEN</span>2<span word="B">B</span>. <span word="Had">Had</span> <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="assassinated">assassinated</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="April">April</span> 14, 1865, <span word="medical">medical</span> <span word="historians">historians</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="John">John</span> <span word="Sotos">Sotos</span> <span word="imply">imply</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="died">died</span> <span word="soon">soon</span> <span word="enough">enough</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="John">John</span> <span word="Wilkes">Wilkes</span> <span word="Booths">Booths</span> <span word="help">help</span>.他死后的150年，不少想入非非的内科医生准备给林肯诊断。有人说，林肯有心脏病。还有人说，他患有罕见的马凡氏综合症（一种先天性、遗传性结缔组织疾病。——译者注）。还有些人说，他患有致命的<span word="MEN">MEN</span>2<span word="B">B</span>癌症 (<span word="MEN">MEN</span>2<span word="B">B</span>为甲状腺髓样癌，粘膜神经纤维瘤和嗜铬细胞瘤。——译者注) 。医疗历史学家，如约翰·所托斯推论，如果1865年4月14日，他不死于暗杀，不用约翰·威克斯·布斯帮忙，他也快死了。（约翰·威克斯·布斯：刺杀林肯的凶手。——译者注）<span word="If">If</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="illnesses">illnesses</span> <span word="wracked">wracked</span> <span word="Lincolns">Lincolns</span> <span word="body">body</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="presidency">presidency</span>, <span word="how">how</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="inexhaustible">inexhaustible</span> <span word="physical">physical</span> <span word="constitution">constitution</span>? <span word="Or">Or</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rarity">rarity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="wartime">wartime</span> <span word="illnesses">illnesses</span>, <span word="limited">limited</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mild">mild</span> <span word="bout">bout</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="smallpox">smallpox</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="killed">killed</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="valet">valet</span>? <span word="How">How</span> <span word="do">do</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="explain">explain</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ease">ease</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="the">the</span> 56-<span word="year">year</span>-<span word="old">old</span> <span word="demonstrated">demonstrated</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="favorite">favorite</span> <span word="frontier">frontier</span> <span word="feat">feat</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="strength">strength</span> - <span word="holding">holding</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="heavy">heavy</span> <span word="ax">ax</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="arms">arms</span> <span word="length">length</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="fingers">fingers</span> - <span word="just">just</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="days">days</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="death">death</span>?如果任职总统期间，林肯真患有这类疾病，那如何解释他力量无穷无尽的体质？如何解释战争期间，除了出过一次温和的天花外，他极少生病?而那次天花，要了身边男仆的命。在死前的几天，56岁的他，用最爱的边疆方式展示力量——用手指夹着一把重重的斧头，伸出一臂的距离。他轻而易举做到，该如何解释？<span word="Like">Like</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="presidents">presidents</span>, <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="grew">grew</span> <span word="visibly">visibly</span> <span word="haggard">haggard</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="presidency">presidency</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="lost">lost</span> <span word="weight">weight</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="physicians">physicians</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="attended">attended</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="deathbed">deathbed</span> <span word="marveled">marveled</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="muscular">muscular</span> <span word="arms">arms</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="chest">chest</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="weaker">weaker</span> <span word="man">man</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="concluded">concluded</span>, <span word="would">would</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="died">died</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="minute">minute</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="shot">shot</span>. <span word="Lincoln">Lincoln</span> <span word="fought">fought</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="death">death</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="nine">nine</span> <span word="hours">hours</span> - <span word="hardly">hardly</span> <span word="within">within</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="man">man</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pre">pre</span>-<span word="existing">existing</span> <span word="condition">condition</span>.林肯和很多总统一样，在任职期间日益憔悴。他也变得消瘦。但临终前，来到他床前的医生们，都对他健壮的胳膊和胸膛感到惊讶。他们说，体格稍微弱一些的人，挨枪子的几分钟后就会死亡。林肯和死亡搏斗了九个小时——如果人以前患病的话，根本做不到。</p>
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