情人节的黑暗传说 The Dark Origins Of Valentine’s Day
现代情人节意味着浪漫、爱情和海誓山盟。然而，这个充满甜蜜和爱情的节日来历，却很黑暗、血腥——还有点混乱。<span word="Though">Though</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="pinpointed">pinpointed</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="exact">exact</span> <span word="origin">origin</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="holiday">holiday</span>, <span word="one">one</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="place">place</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="start">start</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="ancient">ancient</span> <span word="Rome">Rome</span>, <span word="where">where</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="hit">hit</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="by">by</span>, <span word="well">well</span>, <span word="hitting">hitting</span> <span word="them">them</span>.尽管没有节日起源的确切说法，最可能源自古罗马，那里的男人碰上女人，嗯，打上女人。<span word="Those">Those</span> <span word="Wild">Wild</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Crazy">Crazy</span> <span word="Romans">Romans</span>野蛮疯狂的罗马人<span word="From">From</span> <span word="Feb">Feb</span>. 13 <span word="to">to</span> 15, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Romans">Romans</span> <span word="celebrated">celebrated</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="feast">feast</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="sacrificed">sacrificed</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="goat">goat</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="dog">dog</span>, <span word="then">then</span> <span word="whipped">whipped</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="hides">hides</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="animals">animals</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="slain">slain</span>.从2月13日到15日，罗马人举办路盆卡利亚狂欢节。男人们要宰杀一只山羊和一条狗，献作牺牲，然后剥下兽皮鞭打女人。<span word="The">The</span> <span word="Roman">Roman</span> <span word="romantics">romantics</span> “<span word="were">were</span> <span word="drunk">drunk</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="naked">naked</span>,” <span word="says">says</span> <span word="Noel">Noel</span> <span word="Lenski">Lenski</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="historian">historian</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Colorado">Colorado</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Boulder">Boulder</span>. <span word="Young">Young</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="line">line</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="hit">hit</span> <span word="them">them</span>, <span word="Lenski">Lenski</span> <span word="says">says</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="believed">believed</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="them">them</span> <span word="fertile">fertile</span>.罗马人的浪漫是“醉醺醺，赤裸裸”，历史学家诺尔.棱斯基说。他来自波尔德的科罗拉多大学。棱斯基说，女人们排队让男人们打。他们认为这样做，女人更能生育。<span word="The">The</span> <span word="brutal">brutal</span> <span word="fete">fete</span> <span word="included">included</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="matchmaking">matchmaking</span> <span word="lottery">lottery</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="men">men</span> <span word="drew">drew</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="names">names</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="women">women</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="jar">jar</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="couple">couple</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="be">be</span>, <span word="um">um</span>, <span word="coupled">coupled</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="duration">duration</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="festival">festival</span> – <span word="or">or</span> <span word="longer">longer</span>, <span word="if">if</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="match">match</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="right">right</span>.残酷狂欢节日还有抽奖活动，年轻男子从罐子里抽取女人的名字。然后配对，嗯，至少在节日里配对——如果对上眼，配对的时间要长一些。<span word="The">The</span> <span word="ancient">ancient</span> <span word="Romans">Romans</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="responsible">responsible</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="name">name</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="our">our</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="love">love</span>. <span word="Emperor">Emperor</span> <span word="Claudius">Claudius</span> <span word="II">II</span> <span word="executed">executed</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="men">men</span> — <span word="both">both</span> <span word="named">named</span> <span word="Valentine">Valentine</span> — <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Feb">Feb</span>. 14 <span word="of">of</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 3<span word="rd">rd</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="A">A</span>.<span word="D">D</span>. <span word="Their">Their</span> <span word="martyrdom">martyrdom</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="honored">honored</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Catholic">Catholic</span> <span word="Church">Church</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="celebration">celebration</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="St">St</span>. <span word="Valentine">Valentine</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="Day">Day</span>.古罗马人还给现代“爱情”提供名字。公元3世纪，克劳迪斯二世皇帝在不同的年份，都是2月14日，分别处死了叫瓦伦汀的人。天主教会为纪念他们的殉难，建立了圣瓦伦汀节。<span word="Later">Later</span>, <span word="Pope">Pope</span> <span word="Gelasius">Gelasius</span> <span word="I">I</span> <span word="muddled">muddled</span> <span word="things">things</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 5<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="combining">combining</span> <span word="St">St</span>. <span word="Valentine">Valentine</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="Day">Day</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="expel">expel</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pagan">pagan</span> <span word="rituals">rituals</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="festival">festival</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="theatrical">theatrical</span> <span word="interpretation">interpretation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="once">once</span> <span word="been">been</span>. <span word="Lenski">Lenski</span> <span word="adds">adds</span>, “<span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="drunken">drunken</span> <span word="revel">revel</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Christians">Christians</span> <span word="put">put</span> <span word="clothes">clothes</span> <span word="back">back</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="it">it</span>. <span word="That">That</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="stop">stop</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="fertility">fertility</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="love">love</span>.”不久后，到了5世纪，教皇格拉西斯一世本想驱除异教徒的活动，将圣瓦伦汀节和路盆卡利亚节合并，实则添乱。这个节日比以前更加夸张。棱斯基说：“比醉醺醺的狂欢好一点，基督徒们穿上了衣服。然而，关于生育和爱的节日，并没有改变。”<span word="Around">Around</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="time">time</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Normans">Normans</span> <span word="celebrated">celebrated</span> <span word="Galatin">Galatin</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="Day">Day</span>. <span word="Galatin">Galatin</span> <span word="meant">meant</span> “<span word="lover">lover</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="women">women</span>.” <span word="That">That</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="likely">likely</span> <span word="confused">confused</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="St">St</span>. <span word="Valentine">Valentine</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="Day">Day</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="some">some</span> <span word="point">point</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="sound">sound</span> <span word="alike">alike</span>.差不多同时，诺曼人庆祝咖兰汀节。咖兰汀的意思是“女人的情人”。 因为发音有点象，在某种程度上，可能与圣瓦伦汀节混淆了。<span word="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</span> <span word="In">In</span> <span word="Love">Love</span>爱情里的莎士比亚<span word="As">As</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="holiday">holiday</span> <span word="grew">grew</span> <span word="sweeter">sweeter</span>. <span word="Chaucer">Chaucer</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</span> <span word="romanticized">romanticized</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="work">work</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="gained">gained</span> <span word="popularity">popularity</span> <span word="throughout">throughout</span> <span word="Britain">Britain</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rest">rest</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span>. <span word="Handmade">Handmade</span> <span word="paper">paper</span> <span word="cards">cards</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tokens">tokens</span>-<span word="du">du</span>-<span word="jour">jour</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Middle">Middle</span> <span word="Ages">Ages</span>.时光流逝，这节日变得甜蜜了。乔叟和莎士比亚在作品里，都进行了美化，这节日在英国和欧洲其他地方流行开了。中世纪的时候，手工制作的卡片成了节日的象征。<span word="Eventually">Eventually</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="tradition">tradition</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="New">New</span> <span word="World">World</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="industrial">industrial</span> <span word="revolution">revolution</span> <span word="ushered">ushered</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="factory">factory</span>-<span word="made">made</span> <span word="cards">cards</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 19<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span>. <span word="And">And</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1913, <span word="Hallmark">Hallmark</span> <span word="Cards">Cards</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Kansas">Kansas</span> <span word="City">City</span>, <span word="Mo">Mo</span>., <span word="began">began</span> <span word="mass">mass</span> <span word="producing">producing</span> <span word="valentines">valentines</span>. <span word="February">February</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="since">since</span>.最后，这个传统流传到了新世界。19世纪，工业革命开启了批量生产的大门。到了1913年，密苏里州堪萨斯城的贺氏公司开始批量制作情人节贺卡。2月份从此不一样了。<span word="Today">Today</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="holiday">holiday</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="big">big</span> <span word="business">business</span>: <span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="market">market</span> <span word="research">research</span> <span word="firm">firm</span> <span word="IBIS">IBIS</span> <span word="World">World</span>, <span word="Valentine">Valentine</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="Day">Day</span> <span word="sales">sales</span> <span word="reached">reached</span> $17.6 <span word="billion">billion</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="year">year</span>; <span word="this">this</span> <span word="year">year</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="sales">sales</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="expected">expected</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="total">total</span> $18.6 <span word="billion">billion</span>.现在，情人节是大买卖：根据<span word="IBIS">IBIS</span>世界公司的市场调查，去年情人节的销售额达到176亿美元；今年有望达到186亿美元。<span word="But">But</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="commercialization">commercialization</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="spoiled">spoiled</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="many">many</span>. <span word="Helen">Helen</span> <span word="Fisher">Fisher</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sociologist">sociologist</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Rutgers">Rutgers</span> <span word="University">University</span>, <span word="says">says</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="ourselves">ourselves</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="blame">blame</span>.但商业化很大程度上破坏了这个节日。卢杰斯大学的社会学家海伦.费雪说，这只能怪我们自己。“<span word="This">This</span> <span word="isn">isn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="command">command</span> <span word="performance">performance</span>,” <span word="she">she</span> <span word="says">says</span>. “<span word="If">If</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="didn">didn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="Hallmark">Hallmark</span> <span word="cards">cards</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="bought">bought</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Hallmark">Hallmark</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="business">business</span>.”“这不是必须的仪式，”她说，“如果人们不想买，就不用买，贺氏公司就关门了。”<span word="And">And</span> <span word="so">so</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="celebration">celebration</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Valentine">Valentine</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="Day">Day</span> <span word="goes">goes</span> <span word="on">on</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="varied">varied</span> <span word="ways">ways</span>. <span word="Many">Many</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="break">break</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bank">bank</span> <span word="buying">buying</span> <span word="jewelry">jewelry</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="flowers">flowers</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="beloveds">beloveds</span>. <span word="Others">Others</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="celebrate">celebrate</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="SAD">SAD</span> (<span word="that">that</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="Single">Single</span> <span word="Awareness">Awareness</span> <span word="Day">Day</span>) <span word="way">way</span>, <span word="dining">dining</span> <span word="alone">alone</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="binging">binging</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="self">self</span>-<span word="gifted">gifted</span> <span word="chocolates">chocolates</span>. <span word="A">A</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="spending">spending</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="day">day</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="Romans">Romans</span> <span word="did">did</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="let">let</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="go">go</span> <span word="there">there</span>.情人节的各项庆祝活动照常进行。许多人为了心爱的人，会倾囊购买珠宝盒鲜花。有些人想到自己形单影只，黯然神伤，独自吃饭，独自消受自己买的一堆巧克力。一小撮人的过节方式，甚至会像早期罗马人那样。但我们还是离得远一些吧。</p>
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