柴可夫斯基:命途多舛的音乐天才
彼得·伊里奇·柴可夫斯基出生于一个颇为富有的中产家庭。他的父亲伊利亚·彼得罗维奇娶了亚历山德拉，两人育有两子——彼得和莫杰斯特。彼得是一个早熟的孩子，六岁时就能够读法语和德语。一年后，他已经可以用法语写诗。家里请了一位家庭教师看管孩子，她常常称柴可夫斯基为“瓷器做的孩子”。柴可夫斯基对音乐十分敏感，小小年纪就被安排去上钢琴课。他常在晚上抱怨说脑中的音乐让他无法入睡。<span word="When">When</span> <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="ten">ten</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="old">old</span>, <span word="his">his</span> <span word="family">family</span> 7)<span word="enrolled">enrolled</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="School">School</span> <span word="of">of</span> 8)<span word="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="career">career</span> <span word="in">in</span> 9)<span word="civil">civil</span> <span word="service">service</span>, <span word="not">not</span> <span word="fully">fully</span> 10)<span word="comprehending">comprehending</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="remarkable">remarkable</span> <span word="musical">musical</span> <span word="talent">talent</span>. <span word="Because">Because</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="minimum">minimum</span> <span word="acceptance">acceptance</span> <span word="age">age</span> <span word="was">was</span> 12, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="sent">sent</span> <span word="to">to</span> 11)<span word="boarding">boarding</span> <span word="school">school</span>. <span word="After">After</span> <span word="turning">turning</span> 12, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="entered">entered</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="senior">senior</span> <span word="classes">classes</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="school">school</span>. <span word="Apart">Apart</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="singing">singing</span> <span word="in">in</span> 12)<span word="choir">choir</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="seriously">seriously</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="music">music</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="wasn">wasn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="graduated">graduated</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1859 <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="study">study</span> <span word="music">music</span>. <span word="In">In</span> 1862, <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="classes">classes</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Nikolai">Nikolai</span> <span word="Zaremba">Zaremba</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="St">St</span>. <span word="Petersburg">Petersburg</span> 13)<span word="Conservatory">Conservatory</span>. <span word="In">In</span> 1863, <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="quit">quit</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="clerk">clerk</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Ministry">Ministry</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Justice">Justice</span>.在柴可夫斯基十岁那年，家人将他送到法学院学习，以便日后从事公务员的工作——他们没有意识到他的音乐天赋有多惊人。由于入读的最小年龄是12岁，于是他被送到寄宿学校。满12岁后，他进入了学校的高年班。除了在唱诗班唱歌以外，他没有进行正规的音乐学习。在1859年毕业后，他才开始学习音乐。1862年起，柴可夫斯基在圣彼得堡音乐学院跟随尼古拉?扎连芭学习。1863年，柴可夫斯基辞去了在司法部的书记工作。<span word="After">After</span> <span word="quitting">quitting</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="job">job</span>, <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="devoted">devoted</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="music">music</span>. <span word="Under">Under</span> <span word="the">the</span> 14)<span word="mentorship">mentorship</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Anton">Anton</span> <span word="Rubinstein">Rubinstein</span> (<span word="director">director</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="conservatory">conservatory</span>), <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="went">went</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="conservatory">conservatory</span>’<span word="s">s</span> 15)<span word="curriculum">curriculum</span>.辞职后，柴可夫斯基全心全意地投入到音乐当中。在安东?鲁宾斯坦（音乐学院院长）的指导下，柴可夫斯基完成了学院的课程。<span word="Aside">Aside</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="musical">musical</span> <span word="studies">studies</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="studied">studied</span> <span word="conducting">conducting</span>. <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="an">an</span> 16)<span word="immense">immense</span> <span word="fear">fear</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="hold">hold</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="chin">chin</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="left">left</span> <span word="hand">hand</span> <span word="while">while</span> <span word="conducting">conducting</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="once">once</span> <span word="imagining">imagining</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="head">head</span> <span word="falling">falling</span> <span word="off">off</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="shoulders">shoulders</span>. <span word="Though">Though</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="conductor">conductor</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="music">music</span> <span word="students">students</span>. <span word="In">In</span> 1866, <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="took">took</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="job">job</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> 17)<span word="harmony">harmony</span> <span word="teacher">teacher</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Moscow">Moscow</span> <span word="Conservatory">Conservatory</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Rubenstein">Rubenstein</span>’<span word="s">s</span> 18)<span word="recommendation">recommendation</span>.除了学习音乐，他还学习指挥。柴可夫斯基对指挥有着极大的恐惧。有一次他想象着自己的头从肩上掉下来，此后他在指挥时常常用左手托住下巴。虽然他不是最优秀的指挥家，但依然是音乐系最好的学生之一。1866年，在鲁宾斯坦的推荐下，柴可夫斯基接受了莫斯科音乐学院和声教授一职。<span word="In">In</span> 1868, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="brief">brief</span> 19)<span word="flirtation">flirtation</span> <span word="with">with</span> 20)<span word="soprano">soprano</span> <span word="Desiree">Desiree</span> <span word="Artot">Artot</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="later">later</span> <span word="married">married</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Spanish">Spanish</span> 21)<span word="baritone">baritone</span>. <span word="Though">Though</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="personal">personal</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="unsuccessful">unsuccessful</span>, <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="steadily">steadily</span> <span word="completing">completing</span> <span word="composition">composition</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="composition">composition</span>. <span word="In">In</span> 1875, <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="world">world</span> 22)<span word="premiere">premiere</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="third">third</span> 23)<span word="symphony">symphony</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Boston">Boston</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="October">October</span> 25<span word="th">th</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="conducted">conducted</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Hans">Hans</span> <span word="von">von</span> <span word="Bulow">Bulow</span>. <span word="Despite">Despite</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="pockets">pockets</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="opposition">opposition</span> <span word="towards">towards</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="music">music</span>, <span word="his">his</span> <span word="works">works</span> <span word="and">and</span> 24)<span word="reputation">reputation</span> <span word="began">began</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="spread">spread</span> <span word="across">across</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span>.1968年，他与女高音狄希耶·雅朵有过一段短暂的罗曼史，但她后来嫁给了一名西班牙男中音。尽管个人生活不太如意，柴可夫斯基还是创作出一首又一首的作品。1875年10月25日，柴可夫斯基的第三号交响曲在波士顿进行全球首演，由汉斯·冯·比洛指挥。尽管有一小撮人对他的音乐表示反感，他的作品和名声开始席卷欧洲。<span word="In">In</span> 1877, <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="married">married</span> <span word="Antonina">Antonina</span> <span word="Miliukova">Miliukova</span>, <span word="his">his</span> <span word="former">former</span> <span word="student">student</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="conservatory">conservatory</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="declared">declared</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="love">love</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="him">him</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="suggested">suggested</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="reminded">reminded</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Tatiana">Tatiana</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="character">character</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="opera">opera</span> <span word="Eugene">Eugene</span> <span word="Onegin">Onegin</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="marriage">marriage</span> <span word="failed">failed</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="months">months</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="unable">unable</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="return">return</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="wife">wife</span>’<span word="s">s</span> 25)<span word="affection">affection</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="very">very</span> 26)<span word="distraught">distraught</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="tried">tried</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="drown">drown</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="river">river</span>.1877年，柴可夫斯基迎娶了安东妮雅·米露可娃。她以前是柴可夫斯基在音乐学院的学生，曾经对他示爱。据说她令柴可夫斯基想到其歌剧《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》里面的一个角色——塔季扬娜。然而几个月后，这段婚姻以失败告终，因为柴可夫斯基无法回应妻子的爱。思绪烦乱的柴可夫斯基甚至试图投河自杀。<span word="During">During</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="year">year</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="disastrous">disastrous</span> <span word="marriage">marriage</span>, <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="entered">entered</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="relationship">relationship</span>—<span word="only">only</span> <span word="instead">instead</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="meeting">meeting</span> <span word="face">face</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="face">face</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="communicated">communicated</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="letters">letters</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="worked">worked</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="extreme">extreme</span> <span word="shyness">shyness</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="woman">woman</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="Nadezhda">Nadezhda</span> <span word="von">von</span> <span word="Meck">Meck</span>. <span word="Though">Though</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="unclear">unclear</span> <span word="why">why</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="did">did</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="want">want</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="meet">meet</span> <span word="him">him</span>, <span word="she">she</span> <span word="sent">sent</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="she">she</span> <span word="greatly">greatly</span> <span word="admired">admired</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="work">work</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="exchanged">exchanged</span> <span word="well">well</span> <span word="over">over</span> 1,000 <span word="letters">letters</span> <span word="between">between</span> 1877 <span word="and">and</span> 1890. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="letters">letters</span>, <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="open">open</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="much">much</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="life">life</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="creative">creative</span> 27)<span word="processes">processes</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="person">person</span>.在这段不幸的婚姻的同一年，柴可夫斯基还发展了另一段关系——只是他们并没有见面，而是通过书信来往。鉴于他极度羞涩，这种方式很适合他。这名对象是娜蒂契达·冯·梅克。虽然人们不大清楚她为何不想跟他见面，但由于她十分推崇柴可夫斯基的作品，她不断给他寄钱。在1877年至1890年间，他们的通信多达一千多封。在这些信件中，柴可夫斯基能够更加随意地讨论自己的生活和创作过程，他对其他人从未如此坦诚。<span word="Despite">Despite</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="seemed">seemed</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="outside">outside</span>, <span word="inside">inside</span> <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="emotionally">emotionally</span> <span word="troubled">troubled</span>, <span word="weeping">weeping</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="doubting">doubting</span> <span word="himself">himself</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="often">often</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="took">took</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="alcohol">alcohol</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="relief">relief</span>.尽管外表光鲜，其实柴可夫斯基的内心备受情感的折磨，经常痛苦流泪，并质疑自己，还会借酒消愁。<span word="After">After</span> <span word="enjoying">enjoying</span> <span word="numerous">numerous</span> <span word="successes">successes</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="frequent">frequent</span> <span word="travels">travels</span>, <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="letters">letters</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Meck">Meck</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> 28)<span word="halt">halt</span>. <span word="In">In</span> 1890, <span word="she">she</span> <span word="claimed">claimed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="broke">broke</span>, <span word="though">though</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="wasn">wasn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="case">case</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="wasn">wasn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="loss">loss</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="money">money</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="greatly">greatly</span> <span word="upset">upset</span> <span word="him">him</span>, <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sudden">sudden</span> 29)<span word="termination">termination</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="emotional">emotional</span> 30)<span word="companion">companion</span> <span word="of">of</span> 13 <span word="years">years</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> 31)<span word="blow">blow</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="already">already</span> <span word="emotionally">emotionally</span> <span word="sensitive">sensitive</span> <span word="composer">composer</span>.柴可夫斯基享受了成功的滋味，经常出行表演，后来梅克夫人的钱和信都终止了。1890年，她声称破产，虽然事实并非如此。金钱的损失不是问题，令他伤心欲绝的是突然失去相伴了13的情感伴侣。这对原本就情感脆弱的作曲家来说是一次打击。<span word="Throughout">Throughout</span> <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="last">last</span> <span word="years">years</span>, <span word="he">he</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="continually">continually</span> 32)<span word="plagued">plagued</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="anxiety">anxiety</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="depression">depression</span>.纵观柴可夫斯基的晚年，焦虑和抑郁一直令他备受折磨。<span word="Though">Though</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="rumors">rumors</span> <span word="about">about</span> <span word="Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</span>’<span word="s">s</span> <span word="cause">cause</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="death">death</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="accepted">accepted</span> <span word="explanation">explanation</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="died">died</span> <span word="of">of</span> 33)<span word="cholera">cholera</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="drinking">drinking</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="glass">glass</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="water">water</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="wasn">wasn</span>’<span word="t">t</span> <span word="boiled">boiled</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="died">died</span> <span word="nine">nine</span> <span word="days">days</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="premiere">premiere</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="Sixth">Sixth</span> <span word="Symphony">Symphony</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Path">Path</span>é<span word="tique">tique</span>.虽然关于柴可夫斯基的死因有很多传言，但最被广泛接受的解释是他在喝了没烧过的水后死于霍乱。柴可夫斯基在其第六交响曲——《悲怆》首演的九天后去世。</p>
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