海外文化:英美民俗-颅相学
<p>【英文原文】</p><p>摘要：颅相学的理论是由德国医生加勒与他的学生斯帕津姆创建的，他们研究如何靠分析人头骨的开头来测定特定的性格与才能。颅相学一度被认为是科学，但现在人们认为它缺乏科学根据。</p><p><span word="Phrenology">Phrenology</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="practice">practice</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="analyzing">analyzing</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="person">person</span>\' <span word="s">s</span> <span word="character">character</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="examining">examining</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="shape">shape</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="skull">skull</span>. <span word="It">It</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="developed">developed</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> 19<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="German">German</span> <span word="physicians">physicians</span>. <span word="Fanz">Fanz</span> <span word="Joseph">Joseph</span> <span word="Gall">Gall</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="student">student</span> <span word="Johann">Johann</span> <span word="Kaspar">Kaspar</span> <span word="Spurzheim">Spurzheim</span>. <span word="Phrenology">Phrenology</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="once">once</span> <span word="considered">considered</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="science">science</span>, <span word="but">but</span> <span word="now">now</span> <span word="we">we</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="scientific">scientific</span> <span word="basis">basis</span>. <span word="So">So</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pseudoscience">pseudoscience</span>.</p><p><span word="Phrenology">Phrenology</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="belief">belief</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="composed">composed</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="areas">areas</span>, <span word="each">each</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="governs">governs</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="character">character</span> <span word="traits">traits</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="intellectual">intellectual</span> <span word="abilities">abilities</span>. <span word="Gall">Gall</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Spurzheim">Spurzheim</span> <span word="believed">believed</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="map">map</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="skull">skull</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="areas">areas</span> <span word="were">were</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="strength">strength</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="weakness">weakness</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="trait">trait</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="ability">ability</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="determined">determined</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="size">size</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="area">area</span> <span word="where">where</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="centered">centered</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="tell">tell</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="musician">musician</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="poet">poet</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="businessman">businessman</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="thief">thief</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="anything">anything</span> <span word="else">else</span>, <span word="simply">simply</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="feeling">feeling</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bumps">bumps</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="person">person</span>\' <span word="s">s</span> <span word="head">head</span>.</p><p><span word="Phrenology">Phrenology</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="very">very</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Western">Western</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="North">North</span> <span word="America">America</span> <span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> 19<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span>. <span word="Maps">Maps</span> <span word="showing">showing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="intellectual">intellectual</span> <span word="qualities">qualities</span> <span word="centered">centered</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span>\' <span word="s">s</span> <span word="areas">areas</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="printed">printed</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="sold">sold</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="numbers">numbers</span>. <span word="Studies">Studies</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="phrenology">phrenology</span> <span word="continued">continued</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> 20<span word="th">th</span> <span word="century">century</span>. <span word="Famous">Famous</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="believed">believed</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="phrenology">phrenology</span> <span word="included">included</span> <span word="Queen">Queen</span> <span word="Victoria">Victoria</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Britain">Britain</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="American">American</span> <span word="poets">poets</span> <span word="Edgar">Edgar</span> <span word="Allan">Allan</span> <span word="Poe">Poe</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Walt">Walt</span> <span word="Whitman">Whitman</span>.</p>
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