美国中情局和中国的熊猫外交
<p><span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="late">late</span> 1950<span word="s">s</span>, <span word="US">US</span> <span word="relations">relations</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Communist">Communist</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="virtually">virtually</span> <span word="nonexistent">nonexistent</span>. <span word="Trade">Trade</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="tightly">tightly</span> <span word="controlled">controlled</span> <span word="since">since</span> <span word="Chinas">Chinas</span> <span word="intervention">intervention</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="North">North</span> <span word="Korea">Korea</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1950, <span word="and">and</span>, <span word="to">to</span> <span word="deny">deny</span> <span word="Beijing">Beijing</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="advantage">advantage</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="commercial">commercial</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="financial">financial</span> <span word="transactions">transactions</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Secretary">Secretary</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Treasury">Treasury</span> <span word="issued">issued</span> <span word="strict">strict</span> <span word="regulations">regulations</span> <span word="prohibiting">prohibiting</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="import">import</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="goods">goods</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="originated">originated</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="Communist">Communist</span> <span word="China">China</span>. <span word="There">There</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="rarely">rarely</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="exceptions">exceptions</span>, <span word="even">even</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="pandas">pandas</span>.在上个世纪50年代，美国几乎与中国共产党没有任何交流。自1950年抗美援朝战争开始，美国便严格控制与中国之间的贸易往来，并且拒绝给予北京任何商业或者金融交易上的便利。美国财政部出台严格的法规，禁止进口原产地在中国或者经过中国运输的货物。即使是熊猫也不能例外。</p>1958年，一个饱受挫折的动物进口商采取了不同的策略。他把他的情况告诉了中情局局长艾伦·杜勒斯。<span word="Heini">Heini</span> <span word="Demmer">Demmer</span>, <span word="an">an</span> <span word="Austrian">Austrian</span> <span word="animal">animal</span> <span word="dealer">dealer</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Frederik">Frederik</span> <span word="Zeehandelaar">Zeehandelaar</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="noted">noted</span> <span word="animal">animal</span> <span word="importer">importer</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="New">New</span> <span word="Jersey">Jersey</span>, <span word="wanted">wanted</span> <span word="Dulless">Dulless</span> <span word="help">help</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="obtaining">obtaining</span> <span word="permission">permission</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Treasury">Treasury</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="bring">bring</span> <span word="into">into</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="giant">giant</span> <span word="panda">panda</span>.奥地利动物经销商海尼·德默和新泽西州一个著名的动物进口商弗雷德里克，想要获得艾伦的帮助从而取得美国财政部同意进口熊猫的许可。<span word="On">On</span> <span word="January">January</span> 10, 1958 <span word="Dulles">Dulles</span> <span word="received">received</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="note">note</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Treasurys">Treasurys</span> <span word="decision">decision</span>: <span word="Allowing">Allowing</span> <span word="Chi">Chi</span> <span word="Chi">Chi</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="enter">enter</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="constitute">constitute</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="serious">serious</span> <span word="departure">departure</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="basic">basic</span> <span word="policies">policies</span> <span word="laid">laid</span> <span word="out">out</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="regulations">regulations</span>. <span word="Moreover">Moreover</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="giant">giant</span> <span word="panda">panda</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="receive">receive</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="deal">deal</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="publicity">publicity</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="lead">lead</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Treasury">Treasury</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="public">public</span> <span word="explanation">explanation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reasons">reasons</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="granting">granting</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="exception">exception</span>. <span word="Unless">Unless</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="DCI">DCI</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="suggestions">suggestions</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="note">note</span> <span word="stated">stated</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="matter">matter</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="closed">closed</span>.1958年1月10日，杜勒斯收到一份财政部决定的通知说：允许竒奇进入美国将严重偏离法规中罗列的基本政策。此外，熊猫来美势必会受到大量宣传，而将导致财政部需公开解释允许例外的原因。通知中还说，除非中情局长有另外的建议，此事将不再考虑。<span word="Treasurys">Treasurys</span> <span word="resistance">resistance</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="entirely">entirely</span> <span word="unwarranted">unwarranted</span>. <span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="live">live</span> <span word="panda">panda</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="brought">brought</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1936 (<span word="registered">registered</span> <span word="aboard">aboard</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="ship">ship</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="puppy">puppy</span>), <span word="the">the</span> <span word="giant">giant</span> <span word="panda">panda</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="captured">captured</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="popular">popular</span> <span word="imagination">imagination</span>—<span word="and">and</span> <span word="become">become</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="potent">potent</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="symbol">symbol</span>.财政部的抗拒并非是毫无道理的。自从1936年，第一只活熊猫被带到美国（上船时登记为小狗），大熊猫便得到了美国大众的欢迎，并成为了强有力的政治象征。<span word="Madame">Madame</span> <span word="Chiang">Chiang</span> <span word="Kai">Kai</span>-<span word="shek">shek</span>, <span word="wife">wife</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="leader">leader</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Republic">Republic</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="China">China</span>, <span word="had">had</span> <span word="dispatched">dispatched</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="pair">pair</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="bears">bears</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Bronx">Bronx</span> <span word="Zoo">Zoo</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1941; <span word="arriving">arriving</span> <span word="just">just</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Japanese">Japanese</span> <span word="attack">attack</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Pearl">Pearl</span> <span word="Harbor">Harbor</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="became">became</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="symbol">symbol</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="crucial">crucial</span> <span word="wartime">wartime</span> <span word="alliance">alliance</span>.中华民国总统夫人，蒋介石妻子宋美玲于1941年送了一对大熊猫给布朗克斯动物园（译者注此动物园是世界十大动物园之一，位于美国纽约市）。它们到达的时间刚好是日本攻击珍珠港后，它们也变成了这个战时重要同盟关系的象征。<span word="During">During</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="decades">decades</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Communist">Communist</span> <span word="Chinese">Chinese</span> <span word="took">took</span> <span word="control">control</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1949, <span word="as">as</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="historian">historian</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="panda">panda</span> <span word="diplomat">diplomat</span> <span word="notes">notes</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="benefit">benefit</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="careful">careful</span> <span word="deployment">deployment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="captive">captive</span> <span word="pandas">pandas</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="explicitly">explicitly</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="purposes">purposes</span>在1949年中共接管了中国的几十年之间，正如一位研究熊猫外交的历史学家所认为的，中国通过大熊猫的部署从而获得了政治利益。<span word="The">The</span> <span word="media">media</span> <span word="manifested">manifested</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="patience">patience</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="political">political</span> <span word="symbolism">symbolism</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pandas">pandas</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="seemed">seemed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="unaware">unaware</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Dulless">Dulless</span> <span word="behind">behind</span>-<span word="the">the</span>-<span word="scenes">scenes</span> <span word="representations">representations</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Chi">Chi</span> <span word="Chis">Chis</span> <span word="behalf">behalf</span>. <span word="They">They</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="aware">aware</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="rejection">rejection</span>, <span word="however">however</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="commentary">commentary</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="harsh">harsh</span>.当时媒体的报道似乎也验证了人们对熊猫作为政治象征的不耐烦,而媒体似乎没有意识到杜勒斯秘密代表了奇奇，但是媒体确实知道美国拒绝了熊猫,所以媒体发出了尖锐的评论。<span word="The">The</span> <span word="clown">clown</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="animal">animal</span> <span word="world">world</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="refused">refused</span> <span word="entry">entry</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="resident">resident</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Communist">Communist</span> <span word="China">China</span>. -----<span word="New">New</span> <span word="York">York</span> <span word="Times">Times</span>,<span word="May">May</span> 7,1958动物世界的丑角被拒绝入境，因为它是党中国的居民。-----纽约时报，1958年5月7日<span word="The">The</span> <span word="state">state</span> <span word="department">department</span>, <span word="despite">despite</span> <span word="pleas">pleas</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="leading">leading</span> <span word="zoos">zoos</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="clemency">clemency</span>, <span word="argues">argues</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="admit">admit</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="young">young</span> <span word="panda">panda</span> – <span word="darling">darling</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="animal">animal</span> <span word="lovers">lovers</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="toymakers">toymakers</span> – <span word="would">would</span> <span word="violate">violate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="law">law</span> <span word="forbidding">forbidding</span> <span word="trade">trade</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="Communist">Communist</span> <span word="China">China</span>.尽管美国主要动物园请求宽大处理，但是美国国务院依然认为如果让熊猫—— 动物爱好者和玩具厂家的最爱——进入美国， 这样做将违反禁止与共产主义中国贸易的法律。<span word="According">According</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Washington">Washington</span> <span word="Post">Post</span>, <span word="The">The</span> <span word="majesty">majesty</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="United">United</span> <span word="States">States</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="employed">employed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="exclude">exclude</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="giant">giant</span> <span word="panda">panda</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="country">country</span>...<span word="The">The</span> <span word="zoos">zoos</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="bidding">bidding</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="him">him</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="content">content</span> <span word="merely">merely</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="describe">describe</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="visitors">visitors</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="panda">panda</span> <span word="is">is</span>—<span word="or">or</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="pretend">pretend</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="fashion">fashion</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="State">State</span> <span word="Department">Department</span> <span word="attitude">attitude</span> <span word="toward">toward</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Communist">Communist</span> <span word="government">government</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Peking">Peking</span>, <span word="that">that</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="simply">simply</span> <span word="doesnt">doesnt</span> <span word="exist">exist</span>. <span word="Perhaps">Perhaps</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="sort">sort</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="panda">panda</span>-<span word="ing">ing</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="rigidity">rigidity</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="needed">needed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="demonstrate">demonstrate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="inanity">inanity</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="policy">policy</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="fiction">fiction</span>.据华盛顿邮报报道，美国的权威机构禁止大熊猫的进入......那些请求进口大熊猫的动物园只能满足于仅仅向来访者描述熊猫是什么样子的，或者像美国国务院对中国政府所实行的态度那样，假装根本就不存在所谓的大熊猫。 这样的熊猫政策正好表明了美国对华政策的愚蠢。<span word="Spurned">Spurned</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Washington">Washington</span>, <span word="Chi">Chi</span> <span word="Chi">Chi</span> <span word="made">made</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="triumphal">triumphal</span> <span word="tour">tour</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Europe">Europe</span>, <span word="visiting">visiting</span> <span word="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</span>, <span word="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Berlin">Berlin</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="finally">finally</span> <span word="winding">winding</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="London">London</span> <span word="Zoo">Zoo</span>. <span word="With">With</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brief">brief</span> <span word="exception">exception</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="failed">failed</span> <span word="conjugal">conjugal</span> <span word="visit">visit</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Moscow">Moscow</span>, <span word="she">she</span> <span word="lived">lived</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="until">until</span> <span word="July">July</span> 1972.虽然遭到华盛顿的忽视，但是奇奇在欧洲还算顺利，在访问了法兰克福、 哥本哈根和柏林之后终于落户在伦敦动物园。后来前往莫斯科，她一直住在那里直到1972年7月。<span word="Just">Just</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="months">months</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="her">her</span> <span word="death">death</span>, <span word="two">two</span> <span word="pandas">pandas</span>—<span word="Hsing">Hsing</span> <span word="Hsing">Hsing</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Ling">Ling</span> <span word="Ling">Ling</span>—<span word="arrived">arrived</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Washington">Washington</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="gift">gift</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="President">President</span> <span word="Richard">Richard</span> <span word="Nixons">Nixons</span> <span word="visit">visit</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="Beijing">Beijing</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="year">year</span>. <span word="Ironically">Ironically</span>, <span word="they">they</span> <span word="entered">entered</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="US">US</span> <span word="through">through</span> <span word="Dulles">Dulles</span> <span word="Airport">Airport</span>, <span word="named">named</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="John">John</span> <span word="Foster">Foster</span> <span word="Dulles">Dulles</span> <span word="whose">whose</span> <span word="hatred">hatred</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Red">Red</span> <span word="China">China</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="helped">helped</span> <span word="block">block</span> <span word="Chi">Chi</span> <span word="Chis">Chis</span> <span word="arrival">arrival</span>.就在她刚刚死的几个月前，两只熊猫 — — 玲玲和兴兴 — — 抵达华盛顿，就在总统理查德 · 尼克松访问北京那一年，这是中国送给美国的礼物。他们在美国杜勒斯机场下飞机，讽刺的是机场名字正是以约翰 · 福斯特 · 杜勒斯命名，就是那个仇恨红色中国从而阻止奇奇来美国的人。</p>
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