首页 › 趣味英语 › 奥巴马或任何一位总统被允许三次连任?

meili 发表于 2022-10-18 20:25:30

奥巴马或任何一位总统被允许三次连任?

<p><span word="With">With</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="anniversary">anniversary</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> 22<span word="nd">nd</span> <span word="Amendment">Amendment</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="Friday">Friday</span>, <span word="Constitution">Constitution</span> <span word="Daily">Daily</span> <span word="looks">looks</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="hot">hot</span>-<span word="button">button</span> <span word="topics">topics</span>: <span word="Should">Should</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="President">President</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="allowed">allowed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="serve">serve</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="term">term</span>? <span word="And">And</span> <span word="should">should</span> <span word="members">members</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Congress">Congress</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Supreme">Supreme</span> <span word="Court">Court</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="limits">limits</span> <span word="like">like</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="President">President</span>?本周五是宪法第22修正案的周年纪念日，今日宪法关注了两个热点话题：总统应被允许第三任期吗？以及，国会议员和最高法院成员应像总统一样有任期限制吗？</p>宪法第22修正案将（总统）任期限制的想法写入了宪法。其于1951年被批准，修正案规定：已赢得两次选举的总统不能参加第三次选举，限制了总统可能出现的第三任期。<span word="The">The</span> 22<span word="nd">nd</span> <span word="Amendment">Amendment</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="bars">bars</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="President">President</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="serving">serving</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> 10 <span word="years">years</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="office">office</span>, <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="case">case</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="president">president</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="assumed">assumed</span> <span word="office">office</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="Vice">Vice</span> <span word="President">President</span>.宪法第22修正案同时也禁止总统执政超过10年，以防总统以副总统之名把持朝政。<span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="Vice">Vice</span> <span word="President">President</span> <span word="Gerald">Gerald</span> <span word="Ford">Ford</span> <span word="took">took</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="President">President</span> <span word="Richard">Richard</span> <span word="Nixon">Nixon</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1974 <span word="and">and</span> <span word="served">served</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="years">years</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="president">president</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="Ford">Ford</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="defeated">defeated</span> <span word="Jimmy">Jimmy</span> <span word="Carter">Carter</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1976 <span word="presidential">presidential</span> <span word="election">election</span>, <span word="Ford">Ford</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="run">run</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="re">re</span>-<span word="election">election</span>.举例来说，副总统杰拉尔德·福特在理查德·尼克松后接任总统，并已在位超过两年。如果福特在1976年大选中击败吉米·卡特，他将不能连任。<span word="Long">Long</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="the">the</span> 22<span word="nd">nd</span> <span word="Amendment">Amendment</span>, <span word="George">George</span> <span word="Washington">Washington</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="set">set</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="unofficial">unofficial</span> <span word="precedent">precedent</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1796 <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="decided">decided</span> <span word="several">several</span> <span word="months">months</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="election">election</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="seek">seek</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="term">term</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="Alexander">Alexander</span> <span word="Hamilton">Hamilton</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="many">many</span> <span word="Founders">Founders</span> <span word="wanted">wanted</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="strong">strong</span> <span word="executive">executive</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="opposed">opposed</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="limits">limits</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="concept">concept</span>. <span word="Thomas">Thomas</span> <span word="Jefferson">Jefferson</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="equally">equally</span> <span word="influential">influential</span> <span word="group">group</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Founders">Founders</span> <span word="supported">supported</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="limits">limits</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="President">President</span>.早在第22修正案之前，乔治华盛顿于1796年大选前几个月，决定不寻求第三任期，开创了一个非官方的惯例。但亚历山大·汉密尔顿和许多合众国奠基人想要一个强有力的执行者,他们反对将任期限制条文化。托马斯·杰斐逊及另一同样具有很大影响力的元老团体支持对总统作出任期限制。<span word="The">The</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="person">person</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="break">break</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="Washingtons">Washingtons</span> <span word="precedent">precedent</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="President">President</span> <span word="Franklin">Franklin</span> <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="Roosevelt">Roosevelt</span>, <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="record">record</span>-<span word="setting">setting</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="election">election</span> <span word="wins">wins</span>. <span word="Before">Before</span> <span word="Roosevelt">Roosevelt</span> <span word="ran">ran</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="re">re</span>-<span word="election">election</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1940, <span word="most">most</span> <span word="Presidents">Presidents</span> <span word="didnt">didnt</span> <span word="try">try</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="office">office</span>, <span word="let">let</span> <span word="alone">alone</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="consecutive">consecutive</span> <span word="term">term</span>.唯一一个打破华盛顿总统惯例的是富兰克林·<span word="d">d</span>·罗斯福总统，创下了连胜四届选举的记录（译注：当时正值二战）。在罗斯福1940年再次竞选之前，大多数总统都没尝试过第三届任期，更别提三届连任了。<span word="Roosevelts">Roosevelts</span> <span word="distant">distant</span> <span word="cousin">cousin</span>, <span word="Theodore">Theodore</span>, <span word="came">came</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="closest">closest</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="breaking">breaking</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="precedent">precedent</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1912, <span word="when">when</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="ran">ran</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="President">President</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="time">time</span>. <span word="Theodore">Theodore</span> <span word="Roosevelt">Roosevelt</span> <span word="succeeded">succeeded</span> <span word="President">President</span> <span word="William">William</span> <span word="McKinley">McKinley</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1901 <span word="and">and</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="served">served</span> <span word="about">about</span> 7<span word="years">years</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="White">White</span> <span word="House">House</span>. <span word="Theodore">Theodore</span> <span word="Roosevelt">Roosevelt</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="running">running</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="consecutive">consecutive</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1908, <span word="fully">fully</span> <span word="aware">aware</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Washington">Washington</span> <span word="precedent">precedent</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="fallout">fallout</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="President">President</span> <span word="William">William</span> <span word="Howard">Howard</span> <span word="Taft">Taft</span>, <span word="Roosevelt">Roosevelt</span> <span word="sough">sough</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="nonconsecutive">nonconsecutive</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> 1912 <span word="presidential">presidential</span> <span word="election">election</span>. <span word="He">He</span> <span word="lost">lost</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="election">election</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="second">second</span> <span word="ahead">ahead</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Taft">Taft</span>. (<span word="Woodrow">Woodrow</span> <span word="Wilson">Wilson</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Harry">Harry</span> <span word="Truman">Truman</span> <span word="briefly">briefly</span> <span word="considered">considered</span> <span word="seeking">seeking</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="third">third</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="but">but</span> <span word="passed">passed</span>.)罗斯福的远房亲戚，西奥多罗斯福总统在1912年最先接近打破惯例，那时他第三次担任总统。西奥多罗斯福于1901年继任前任总统威廉·麦金莱（译注：其被刺杀，西奥多以副总统之位继任）当时他已在白宫工作了七年半，他明确知悉华盛顿的先例，但仍执意参加1908年选举。不过败于总统威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱，但于1912年总统选举中获胜，开始了非连任的第三任期。他虽在选举中败于塔夫脱，但在打破（连任）惯例上却先于塔夫脱。（伍德罗·威尔逊和哈里·杜鲁门也曾有过第三任期的念头，不过都错过了机会）<span word="After">After</span> <span word="Franklin">Franklin</span> <span word="Roosevelt">Roosevelt</span> <span word="died">died</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1945, <span word="momentum">momentum</span> <span word="built">built</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="presidential">presidential</span> <span word="term">term</span>-<span word="limits">limits</span> <span word="amendment">amendment</span>. <span word="Congress">Congress</span> <span word="passed">passed</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1947, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="ratified">ratified</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="states">states</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1951.在1945年富兰克林罗斯福去世后，有了一个为总统增加任期限制修正案的势头。国会于1947年通过修正案，于1951年被签署批准正式生效。<span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="then">then</span>, <span word="several">several</span> <span word="members">members</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Congress">Congress</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="introduced">introduced</span> <span word="bills">bills</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="repeal">repeal</span> <span word="the">the</span> 22<span word="nd">nd</span> <span word="Amendment">Amendment</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="latest">latest</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="offered">offered</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="Representative">Representative</span> <span word="Jose">Jose</span> <span word="Serrano">Serrano</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="January">January</span> 4, 2013.自那时起，一些国会议员提出议案希望废除第22宪法修正案。如最近的，2013年1月4日代表<span word="Jose">Jose</span> <span word="Serrano">Serrano</span>提出的议案。<span word="In">In</span> <span word="fact">fact</span>, <span word="Serrano">Serrano</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="offered">offered</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="bill">bill</span> <span word="since">since</span> 1997–<span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="presidencies">presidencies</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Bill">Bill</span> <span word="Clinton">Clinton</span>, <span word="George">George</span> <span word="W">W</span>. <span word="Bush">Bush</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Barack">Barack</span> <span word="Obama">Obama</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="bills">bills</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="tabled">tabled</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="time">time</span>.实际上，<span word="Serrano">Serrano</span>从1997年就开始提出这样的提案，无论在比尔·克林顿的总统任期还是乔治·<span word="w">w</span>·布什总统任期亦或巴拉克·奥巴马总统任期。这议案每次都被拿上台面。<span word="Representative">Representative</span> <span word="Steny">Steny</span> <span word="Hoyer">Hoyer</span> <span word="offered">offered</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="bills">bills</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="current">current</span> <span word="Senate">Senate</span> <span word="Majority">Majority</span> <span word="Leader">Leader</span> <span word="Mitch">Mitch</span> <span word="McConnell">McConnell</span> <span word="sponsored">sponsored</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="similar">similar</span> <span word="bill">bill</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1995—<span word="during">during</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Clinton">Clinton</span> <span word="administration">administration</span>. <span word="Barney">Barney</span> <span word="Frank">Frank</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Jerry">Jerry</span> <span word="Nadler">Nadler</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="presented">presented</span> <span word="anti">anti</span>-22<span word="nd">nd</span> <span word="Amendment">Amendment</span> <span word="bills">bills</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span>.代表<span word="Steny">Steny</span> <span word="Hoyer">Hoyer</span>曾提出类似议案，现任参议院多数派领袖<span word="Mitch">Mitch</span> <span word="McConnell">McConnell</span>在1995年克林顿政府期间也提出过相似的议案。<span word="Barney">Barney</span> <span word="Frank">Frank</span> 和<span word="Jerry">Jerry</span> <span word="Nadler">Nadler</span>也曾提出过反第22宪法修正案的议案。<span word="There">There</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="no">no</span> <span word="interest">interest</span> <span word="among">among</span> <span word="legislators">legislators</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="pursuing">pursuing</span> <span word="a">a</span> 22<span word="nd">nd</span> <span word="Amendment">Amendment</span> <span word="repeal">repeal</span>, <span word="probably">probably</span> <span word="because">because</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="happy">happy</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="limits">limits</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="President">President</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="odds">odds</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="getting">getting</span> 38 <span word="states">states</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="ratify">ratify</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="amendment">amendment</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="very">very</span>, <span word="very">very</span> <span word="steep">steep</span>.对立法者来说，他们没什么兴趣追求废止宪法第22修正案，最可能的原因是大部分人都乐于见到总统的任期限制。并且让38个州都通过一个修正案的几率是十分渺茫的。<span word="However">However</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="issue">issue</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="limits">limits</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Congress">Congress</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="matter">matter</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="Gallup">Gallup</span> <span word="poll">poll</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="January">January</span> 2013, <span word="about">about</span> 75 <span word="percent">percent</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Americans">Americans</span> <span word="polled">polled</span> <span word="favored">favored</span> <span word="limiting">limiting</span> <span word="terms">terms</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="Congress">Congress</span> <span word="members">members</span>.不过，国会议员任期限制就是另一码事了。2013年1月的盖洛普民意调查显示，大约75%的美国人赞同对国会成员作出任期限制。<span word="Gallup">Gallup</span> <span word="said">said</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="in">in</span> 1994 <span word="and">and</span> 1996, <span word="between">between</span> <span word="two">two</span>-<span word="thirds">thirds</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="three">three</span>-<span word="quarters">quarters</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Americans">Americans</span> <span word="favored">favored</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="constitutional">constitutional</span> <span word="amendment">amendment</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="limiting">limiting</span> <span word="congressional">congressional</span> <span word="terms">terms</span>.盖洛普表示，针对同样问题，在1994及1996年，三分之二到四分之三的受访美国人支持对国会议员作出任期限制。<span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> 2013 <span word="poll">poll</span>, <span word="there">there</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="support">support</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="congressional">congressional</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="limits">limits</span> (75 <span word="percent">percent</span>) <span word="than">than</span> <span word="ending">ending</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Electoral">Electoral</span> <span word="College">College</span> (60 <span word="percent">percent</span>).在2013年民意调查中，对国会议员作出任期限制比结束选举人团制度更受人们支持。（支持率分别为75%和60%)<span word="And">And</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="there">there</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="issue">issue</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="limits">limits</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="judges">judges</span> <span word="appointed">appointed</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="conditions">conditions</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Constitutions">Constitutions</span> <span word="Article">Article</span> <span word="III">III</span>, <span word="including">including</span> <span word="Supreme">Supreme</span> <span word="Court">Court</span> <span word="Justices">Justices</span>.接下来就是在宪法第三条（译注：其关于美国联邦政府的司法部门）的背景下法官的任命问题，这也包括最高法院法官。<span word="These">These</span> <span word="non">non</span>-<span word="elected">elected</span> <span word="officials">officials</span> <span word="serve">serve</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="long">long</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="exhibit">exhibit</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="behavior">behavior</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="can">can</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="removed">removed</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="office">office</span> <span word="under">under</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Constitutions">Constitutions</span> <span word="impeachment">impeachment</span> <span word="process">process</span>.这些非经选举产生的官员只要表现优良行为就可以一直在任，而且，只有经过宪法弹劾程序，政府才能罢免这些官员。<span word="The">The</span> <span word="frequent">frequent</span> <span word="debate">debate</span> <span word="over">over</span> <span word="term">term</span> <span word="limits">limits</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Supreme">Supreme</span> <span word="Court">Court</span> <span word="centers">centers</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="need">need</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="independent">independent</span> <span word="judiciary">judiciary</span> <span word="versus">versus</span> <span word="even">even</span> <span word="closer">closer</span> <span word="ties">ties</span> <span word="between">between</span> <span word="Justices">Justices</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Presidents">Presidents</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="appoint">appoint</span> <span word="them">them</span>.对最高法院法官任期限制往往聚焦于司法独立的需要，与总统和任命的法官间紧密关系的争论上。</p>

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