雅思阅读真题题型与答案解析
<p> <span word="The">The</span> <span word="Triumph">Triumph</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Unreason">Unreason</span> <span word="A">A</span>. <span word="Neoclassical">Neoclassical</span> <span word="economics">economics</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="built">built</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="assumption">assumption</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="humans">humans</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="rational">rational</span> <span word="beings">beings</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="clear">clear</span> <span word="idea">idea</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="best">best</span> <span word="interests">interests</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="strive">strive</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="extract">extract</span> <span word="maximum">maximum</span> <span word="benefit">benefit</span> (<span word="or">or</span> <span word="utility">utility</span>， <span word="in">in</span> <span word="economist">economist</span>-<span word="speak">speak</span>) <span word="from">from</span> <span word="any">any</span> <span word="situation">situation</span>. <span word="Neoclassical">Neoclassical</span> <span word="economics">economics</span> <span word="assumes">assumes</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="decision">decision</span>-<span word="making">making</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="rational">rational</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="contradicts">contradicts</span> <span word="growing">growing</span> <span word="evidence">evidence</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="decision">decision</span>-<span word="making">making</span> <span word="draws">draws</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="emotionseven">emotionseven</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="reason">reason</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="clearly">clearly</span> <span word="involved">involved</span>. <span word="B">B</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="role">role</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="emotions">emotions</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="decisions">decisions</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="perfect">perfect</span> <span word="sense">sense</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="situations">situations</span> <span word="met">met</span> <span word="frequently">frequently</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="past">past</span>， <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="obtaining">obtaining</span> <span word="food">food</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="mates">mates</span>， <span word="and">and</span> <span word="confronting">confronting</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="fleeing">fleeing</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="threats">threats</span>， <span word="the">the</span> <span word="neural">neural</span> <span word="mechanisms">mechanisms</span> <span word="required">required</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="weigh">weigh</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pros">pros</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="cons">cons</span> <span word="will">will</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="honed">honed</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="evolution">evolution</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="produce">produce</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="optimal">optimal</span> <span word="outcome">outcome</span>. <span word="Since">Since</span> <span word="emotion">emotion</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mechanism">mechanism</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="animals">animals</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="prodded">prodded</span> <span word="towards">towards</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="outcomes">outcomes</span>， <span word="evolutionary">evolutionary</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="economic">economic</span> <span word="theory">theory</span> <span word="predict">predict</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="practical">practical</span> <span word="consequences">consequences</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="utility">utility</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="these">these</span> <span word="cases">cases</span>. <span word="But">But</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="still">still</span> <span word="apply">apply</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="ancestral">ancestral</span> <span word="machinery">machinery</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="respond">respond</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="stimuli">stimuli</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="urban">urban</span> <span word="modernity">modernity</span>？ <span word="C">C</span>. <span word="One">One</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="thinks">thinks</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="does">does</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="George">George</span> <span word="Loewenstein">Loewenstein</span>， <span word="an">an</span> <span word="economist">economist</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="Carnegie">Carnegie</span> <span word="Mellon">Mellon</span> <span word="University">University</span>， <span word="in">in</span> <span word="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="particular">particular</span>， <span word="he">he</span> <span word="suspects">suspects</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="shopping">shopping</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="subverted">subverted</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="decision">decision</span>-<span word="making">making</span> <span word="machinery">machinery</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="way">way</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="encourages">encourages</span> <span word="people">people</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="run">run</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="debt">debt</span>. <span word="To">To</span> <span word="prove">prove</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="point">point</span> <span word="he">he</span> <span word="has">has</span> <span word="teamed">teamed</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="psychologists">psychologists</span>， <span word="Brian">Brian</span> <span word="Knutson">Knutson</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Stanford">Stanford</span> <span word="University">University</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="Drazen">Drazen</span> <span word="Prelec">Prelec</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</span> <span word="Institute">Institute</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="Technology">Technology</span>， <span word="to">to</span> <span word="look">look</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="happens">happens</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="deciding">deciding</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="buy">buy</span>. <span word="D">D</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="study">study</span>， <span word="the">the</span> <span word="three">three</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> 26 <span word="volunteers">volunteers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="decide">decide</span> <span word="whether">whether</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="buy">buy</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="series">series</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="products">products</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="box">box</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="chocolates">chocolates</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="DVD">DVD</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="television">television</span> <span word="show">show</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="flashed">flashed</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="computer">computer</span> <span word="screen">screen</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="after">after</span> <span word="another">another</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="round">round</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="task">task</span>， <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="first">first</span> <span word="presented">presented</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="product">product</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="price">price</span>， <span word="with">with</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="step">step</span> <span word="lasting">lasting</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="seconds">seconds</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="final">final</span> <span word="stage">stage</span>， <span word="which">which</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="lasted">lasted</span> <span word="four">four</span> <span word="seconds">seconds</span>， <span word="they">they</span> <span word="asked">asked</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="volunteers">volunteers</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="minds">minds</span>. <span word="While">While</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="volunteers">volunteers</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span>， <span word="the">the</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="scanned">scanned</span> <span word="their">their</span> <span word="brains">brains</span> <span word="using">using</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="technique">technique</span> <span word="called">called</span> <span word="functional">functional</span> <span word="magnetic">magnetic</span> <span word="resonance">resonance</span> <span word="imaging">imaging</span> (<span word="fMRI">fMRI</span>)。 <span word="This">This</span> <span word="measures">measures</span> <span word="blood">blood</span> <span word="flow">flow</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="oxygen">oxygen</span> <span word="consumption">consumption</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span>， <span word="as">as</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="indication">indication</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="activity">activity</span>. <span word="E">E</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="parts">parts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="involved">involved</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="different">different</span> <span word="stages">stages</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="test">test</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="nucleus">nucleus</span> <span word="accumbens">accumbens</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="most">most</span> <span word="active">active</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="product">product</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="displayed">displayed</span>. <span word="Moreover">Moreover</span>， <span word="the">the</span> <span word="level">level</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="activity">activity</span> <span word="correlated">correlated</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="reported">reported</span> <span word="desirability">desirability</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="product">product</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="question">question</span>. <span word="F">F</span>. <span word="When">When</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="price">price</span> <span word="appeared">appeared</span>， <span word="however">however</span>， <span word="fMRI">fMRI</span> <span word="reported">reported</span> <span word="more">more</span> <span word="activity">activity</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="other">other</span> <span word="parts">parts</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span>. <span word="Excessively">Excessively</span> <span word="high">high</span> <span word="prices">prices</span> <span word="increased">increased</span> <span word="activity">activity</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="insular">insular</span> <span word="cortex">cortex</span>， <span word="a">a</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="region">region</span> <span word="linked">linked</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="expectations">expectations</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="pain">pain</span>， <span word="monetary">monetary</span> <span word="loss">loss</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="viewing">viewing</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="upsetting">upsetting</span> <span word="pictures">pictures</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="researchers">researchers</span> <span word="also">also</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="greater">greater</span> <span word="activity">activity</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="region">region</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="when">when</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="subject">subject</span> <span word="decided">decided</span> <span word="not">not</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="purchase">purchase</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="item">item</span>. <span word="G">G</span>. <span word="Price">Price</span> <span word="information">information</span> <span word="activated">activated</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="medial">medial</span> <span word="prefrontal">prefrontal</span> <span word="cortex">cortex</span>， <span word="too">too</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="part">part</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="brain">brain</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="involved">involved</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="rational">rational</span> <span word="calculation">calculation</span>. <span word="In">In</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="experiment">experiment</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="activity">activity</span> <span word="seemed">seemed</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="correlate">correlate</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="volunteers">volunteers</span> <span word="reaction">reaction</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="both">both</span> <span word="product">product</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="price">price</span>， <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="price">price</span> <span word="alone">alone</span>. <span word="Thus">Thus</span>， <span word="the">the</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="bargain">bargain</span> <span word="evoked">evoked</span> <span word="higher">higher</span> <span word="activity">activity</span> <span word="levels">levels</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="medial">medial</span> <span word="prefrontal">prefrontal</span> <span word="cortex">cortex</span>， <span word="and">and</span> <span word="this">this</span> <span word="often">often</span> <span word="preceded">preceded</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="decision">decision</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="buy">buy</span>. <span word="H">H</span>. <span word="Peoples">Peoples</span> <span word="shopping">shopping</span> <span word="behaviour">behaviour</span> <span word="therefore">therefore</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="have">have</span> <span word="piggy">piggy</span>-<span word="backed">backed</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="old">old</span> <span word="neural">neural</span> <span word="circuits">circuits</span> <span word="evolved">evolved</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="anticipation">anticipation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="reward">reward</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="avoidance">avoidance</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="hazards">hazards</span>. <span word="What">What</span> <span word="Dr">Dr</span> <span word="Loewenstein">Loewenstein</span> <span word="found">found</span> <span word="interesting">interesting</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="separation">separation</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="assessment">assessment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="product">product</span> (<span word="which">which</span> <span word="seems">seems</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="associated">associated</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="nucleus">nucleus</span> <span word="accumbens">accumbens</span>) <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="assessment">assessment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="its">its</span> <span word="price">price</span> (<span word="associated">associated</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="insular">insular</span> <span word="cortex">cortex</span>)， <span word="even">even</span> <span word="though">though</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="then">then</span> <span word="synthesised">synthesised</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="prefrontal">prefrontal</span> <span word="cortex">cortex</span>. <span word="His">His</span> <span word="hypothesis">hypothesis</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="rather">rather</span> <span word="than">than</span> <span word="weighing">weighing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="good">good</span> <span word="against">against</span> <span word="future">future</span> <span word="alternatives">alternatives</span>， <span word="as">as</span> <span word="orthodox">orthodox</span> <span word="economics">economics</span> <span word="suggests">suggests</span> <span word="happens">happens</span>， <span word="people">people</span> <span word="actually">actually</span> <span word="balance">balance</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="immediate">immediate</span> <span word="pleasure">pleasure</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="prospective">prospective</span> <span word="possession">possession</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="product">product</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="immediate">immediate</span> <span word="pain">pain</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="paying">paying</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="it">it</span>. <span word="I">I</span>. <span word="That">That</span> <span word="makes">makes</span> <span word="perfect">perfect</span> <span word="sense">sense</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="evolved">evolved</span> <span word="mechanism">mechanism</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="trading">trading</span>. <span word="If">If</span> <span word="one">one</span> <span word="useful">useful</span> <span word="object">object</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="traded">traded</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="another">another</span> (<span word="hard">hard</span> <span word="cash">cash</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="time">time</span>)， <span word="the">the</span> <span word="future">future</span> <span word="utility">utility</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="what">what</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="given">given</span> <span word="up">up</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="embedded">embedded</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="object">object</span> <span word="being">being</span> <span word="traded">traded</span>. <span word="Emotion">Emotion</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="capable">capable</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="assigning">assigning</span> <span word="such">such</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="value">value</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="reason">reason</span>. <span word="Buying">Buying</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="credit">credit</span>， <span word="though">though</span>， <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="different">different</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="abstract">abstract</span> <span word="nature">nature</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="credit">credit</span> <span word="cards">cards</span>， <span word="coupled">coupled</span> <span word="with">with</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="deferment">deferment</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="payment">payment</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="promise">promise</span>， <span word="may">may</span> <span word="modulate">modulate</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="con">con</span> <span word="side">side</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="calculation">calculation</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="favour">favour</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="pro">pro</span>。</p>
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