2011年托福阅读模拟题（三）
<p> <span word="Question">Question</span> 21-30</p><p> <span word="There">There</span> <span word="were">were</span> <span word="two">two</span> <span word="widely">widely</span> <span word="divergent">divergent</span> <span word="influences">influences</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="early">early</span> <span word="development">development</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="statistical">statistical</span> <span word="methods">methods</span>. <span word="Statistics">Statistics</span> <span word="had">had</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="mother">mother</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="was">was</span> <span word="dedicated">dedicated</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="keeping">keeping</span> <span word="orderly">orderly</span> <span word="records">records</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="governmental">governmental</span> <span word="units">units</span> (<span word="state">state</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="statistics">statistics</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="same">same</span> <span word="Latin">Latin</span> <span word="root">root</span>, <span word="status">status</span>) <span word="and">and</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="gentlemanly">gentlemanly</span> <span word="gambling">gambling</span> <span word="father">father</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="relied">relied</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="mathematics">mathematics</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="increase">increase</span> <span word="his">his</span> <span word="skill">skill</span> <span word="at">at</span> <span word="playing">playing</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="odds">odds</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="games">games</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="chance">chance</span>. <span word="The">The</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="mother">mother</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="offspring">offspring</span>, <span word="statistics">statistics</span>, <span word="is">is</span> <span word="represented">represented</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="counting">counting</span>, <span word="measuring">measuring</span>, <span word="describing">describing</span>, <span word="tabulating">tabulating</span>, <span word="ordering">ordering</span>. <span word="and">and</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="taking">taking</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="censuses">censuses</span><span word="all">all</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="which">which</span> <span word="led">led</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="descriptive">descriptive</span> <span word="statistics">statistics</span>. <span word="From">From</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="influence">influence</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="father">father</span> <span word="came">came</span> <span word="modern">modern</span> <span word="inferential">inferential</span> <span word="statistics">statistics</span>, <span word="which">which</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="based">based</span> <span word="squarely">squarely</span> <span word="on">on</span> <span word="theories">theories</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="probability">probability</span>.</p><p> <span word="Descriptive">Descriptive</span> <span word="statistics">statistics</span> <span word="involves">involves</span> <span word="tabulating">tabulating</span>, <span word="depicting">depicting</span>, <span word="and">and</span> <span word="describing">describing</span> <span word="collections">collections</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="data">data</span>. <span word="These">These</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="quantitative">quantitative</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="measures">measures</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="height">height</span>, <span word="intelligence">intelligence</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="grade">grade</span> <span word="level">level</span> - <span word="variables">variables</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="characterized">characterized</span> <span word="by">by</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="underlying">underlying</span> <span word="continuum">continuum</span> - <span word="orthe">orthe</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="may">may</span> <span word="represent">represent</span> <span word="qualitative">qualitative</span> <span word="variables">variables</span>, <span word="such">such</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="sex">sex</span>, <span word="college">college</span> <span word="major">major</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="personality">personality</span> <span word="type">type</span>. <span word="Large">Large</span> <span word="masses">masses</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="data">data</span> <span word="must">must</span> <span word="generally">generally</span> <span word="undergo">undergo</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="process">process</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="summarization">summarization</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="reduction">reduction</span> <span word="before">before</span> <span word="they">they</span> <span word="are">are</span> <span word="comprehensible">comprehensible</span>. <span word="Descriptive">Descriptive</span> <span word="statistics">statistics</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="tool">tool</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="describing">describing</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="summarizing">summarizing</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="reducing">reducing</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="comprehensible">comprehensible</span> <span word="form">form</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="properties">properties</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="an">an</span> <span word="otherwise">otherwise</span> <span word="unwieldy">unwieldy</span> <span word="mass">mass</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="data">data</span>. <span word="Inferential">Inferential</span> <span word="statistics">statistics</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="formalized">formalized</span> <span word="body">body</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="methods">methods</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="solving">solving</span> <span word="another">another</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="present">present</span> <span word="great">great</span> <span word="difficulties">difficulties</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="unaided">unaided</span> <span word="human">human</span> <span word="mind">mind</span>. <span word="This">This</span> <span word="general">general</span> <span word="class">class</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="problems">problems</span> <span word="characteristically">characteristically</span> <span word="involves">involves</span> <span word="attempts">attempts</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="make">make</span> <span word="predictions">predictions</span> <span word="using">using</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sample">sample</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="observations">observations</span>. <span word="For">For</span> <span word="example">example</span>, <span word="a">a</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="superintendent">superintendent</span> <span word="wishes">wishes</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="determine">determine</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="proportion">proportion</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="children">children</span> <span word="in">in</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="large">large</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="system">system</span> <span word="who">who</span> <span word="come">come</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="school">school</span> <span word="without">without</span> <span word="breakfast">breakfast</span>, <span word="have">have</span> <span word="been">been</span> <span word="vaccinated">vaccinated</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="flu">flu</span>, <span word="or">or</span> <span word="whatever">whatever</span>. <span word="Having">Having</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="little">little</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="statistics">statistics</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="superintendent">superintendent</span> <span word="would">would</span> <span word="know">know</span> <span word="that">that</span> <span word="it">it</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="unnecessary">unnecessary</span> <span word="and">and</span> <span word="inefficient">inefficient</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="question">question</span> <span word="each">each</span> <span word="child">child</span>; <span word="the">the</span> <span word="proportion">proportion</span> <span word="for">for</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="entire">entire</span> <span word="district">district</span> <span word="could">could</span> <span word="be">be</span> <span word="estimated">estimated</span> <span word="fairly">fairly</span> <span word="accurately">accurately</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sample">sample</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="few">few</span> <span word="as">as</span> <span word="l">l</span>00 <span word="children">children</span>. <span word="Thus">Thus</span>, <span word="the">the</span> <span word="purpose">purpose</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="inferential">inferential</span> <span word="statistics">statistics</span> <span word="is">is</span> <span word="to">to</span> <span word="predict">predict</span> <span word="or">or</span> <span word="estimate">estimate</span> <span word="characteristics">characteristics</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="population">population</span> <span word="from">from</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="knowledge">knowledge</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="characteristics">characteristics</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="only">only</span> <span word="a">a</span> <span word="sample">sample</span> <span word="of">of</span> <span word="the">the</span> <span word="population">population</span>.</p>
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